International Workingmen’s Association. Minute Book 1864-66
Aberdeen, George Gordon, Earl of (1784-1860) — British statesman, Tory, leader of the Peelites from 1850 on, Foreign Secretary (1828-30, 1841-46) and Prime Minister of the Coalition Cabinet (1852-55).
Adams, Charles Francis (1807-1886) — American diplomat and politician, Republican, Minister to Great Britain (1861-68).
Ailloux (or Ailloud), Jean-Alphonse (born c. 1828) — French worker, tailor, participant in the French co-operative movement; chairman of the Vienne (France) section of the International founded in 1866, delegate to the Lausanne Congress of the International (1867).
Aldovrandi, P. — member of the Association of Mutual Progress (Mazzini organisation of Italian workers in London); member of the General Council of the International (October 1864-65)
Allan, William (1813-1874) — British worker, mechanic, trade-union leader, reformist, one of the organisers and General Secretary of the Amalgamated Engineers (1851-74), the first big trade union of British workers; in the 1860s one of the leaders of the London Trades Council, opposed affiliation to the International; one of the leaders of the Labour Representation League.
Applegarth, Robert (1833-1925) — British worker, cabinet-maker; one of the reformist leaders of the trade-union movement, General Secretary of the Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners (1862-71), member of the London Trades Council; member of the General Council of the International (1865, 1868-72), delegate to the Basle Congress of the International (1869), one of the Reform League leaders; in 1871 refused to sign the General Council’s address. “The Civil War in France”; subsequently left the working-class movement.
Ayers, William — British trade-unionist, representative of the Operative Bricklayers’ Society; member of the General Council of the International (1866).
Bagnagatti, G. — Secretary of the Association of Mutual Progress (Mazzini organisation of Italian workers in London); member of the General Council of the International (November 1864-65).
Bannister, William — nominated to the General Council on May 16, 1865, but was not elected.
Barthélemy — French worker, painter on glass, signed the second appeal of the youth of France to the working men of all countries in connection with the threat of war in 1866.
Battaille — French clerk, signed the second appeal of the youth of France in connection with the threat of war in 1866, came out against the police tyranny of the Second Empire.
Baudrand, Louis — correspondent of the International in Neuville-sur-Saône (France), in 1866 delegate to the Geneva Congress from the Fleurieux-sur-Saône section.
Beales, Edmond (1803-1881) — English jurist, bourgeois radical; President of the British National League for the Independence of Poland; member of the British Emancipation Society which during the American Civil War supported the North; President of the Reform League (1865-69).
Becker, Bernhard (1826-1882) — German publicist, follower of Lassalle; President of the General Association of German Workers (1864-65); delegate to the Hague Congress of the International, 1872.
Becker, Johann Philipp (1809-1886) — prominent figure in the international and German working-class movement, brush maker, participant in the Revolution of 1848-49; organiser of the German sections of the International in Switzerland, delegate to the London Conference (1865) and to all the congresses of the International; editor of the journal Der Vorbote (1866-71); friend and associate of Marx and Engels.
Beesly, Edward Spencer (1831-1915) — English historian and public figure, positivist philosopher; took an active part in the democratic movement of the 1860s; presided at the inaugural meeting of the International held in St. Martin’s Hall, September 28, 1864 during the Paris Commune defended the International in the English press; was on friendly terms with Marx.
Bellet — French clerk, signed the second appeal of the youth of France to the working men of all countries in connection with the threat of war in 1866.
Beluze, Jean Pierre (1821-1908) — French worker, cabinet-maker; petty-bourgeois socialist, pupil and follower of Cabet; director of the Crédit au Travail bank (1862-68); one of the founders of L'Association, organ of the cooperative movement; member of the International; subsequently left the working-class movement.
Beniere Eugene — correspondent of the International in Neuville-sur-Saône (France), took part in organising the International’s sections in France; Proudhonist.
Besson, Alexander — French worker, mechanic, an émigré in London; member of the General Council of the International (1866-68), Corresponding Secretary for Belgium, one of the leaders of the French branch in London; belonged to the group of petty-bourgeois republicans, followers of Felix Pyat.
Biloschy (or Bilosci) — member of the Council of the Association of Mutual Progress (Mazzini organisation of Italian workers in London; member of the Internationational.
Bismarck, Otto, von Schonhausen Prince (1815-1898) — statesman and diplomat, Prussian Junker; Ambassador at St. Petersburg (1859-62) and at Paris (1862), Prime Minister of Prussia (1862-71), Chancellor of the German Empire (1871-90); carried through the unification of Germany by counter-revolutionary means; bitter enemy of the working-class movement; author of the Anti-Socialist Law (1878).
Blackmore (or Blackmoor) — participant in the inaugural meeting of September 28, 1864, held in St. Martin’s Hall; member of the General Council of the International (1864-65) and of the Reform League.
Bobczynski, Konstantin — took part in the Polish insurrection of 1863, afterwards emigrated to London; member of the General Council of the International (1865-68), Corresponding Secretary for Poland (from May 1866 on), participant in the London Conf erence of 1865; in 1866 moved to Birmingham.
Bocquet, Jean Baptiste — French petty-bourgeois democrat, republican; took part in the Revolution of 1848 in France, af terwards emigrated to London, friend of Herzen; participant in the inaugural meeting of September 28, 1864, held in St. Martin’s Hall; member of the General Council of the International (1864-65).
Bolleter, Heinrich — German émigré in London, owner of the tavern in 2, Nassau Street, Soho, where workers often held their meetings; member of the London German Workers’ Educational Association; member of the General Council of the International (November 1864-65), participant in the London Conference of 1865.
Bonaparte. — See Napoleon III.
Booth, John Wilkes (1839-1865) — American actor, supporter of the South in the American Civil War, assassin of President Abraham Lincoln.
Bordage, P. — member of the General Council of the International (October 1864-66), participant in the London Conference of 1865, member of the French branch in London.
Bosc — correspondent of the International in St. Denis (suburb of Paris).
Boula — French worker, painter on glass, signed the second appeal of the youth of France to the working men of all countries in connection with the threat of war in 1866.
Bouzet — member of the International in France.
Breitschwert, Otto Ludwig (pseudonym L. Otto) (1836-1890) — German journalist; member of the General Council of the International (1864).
Breuillé, A. — French clerk, signed the second appeal of the youth of France in connection with the threat of war in 1866; came out against the police tyranny of the Second Empire.
Brien — in August 1865 was nominated for membership to the General Council but was not elected.
Brochure — French worker, painter on glass, signed the second appeal of the youth of France to the working men of all countries in connection with the threat of war in 1866.
Bruno — French worker, painter on glass, signed the second appeal of the youth of France to the working men of all countries in connection with the threat of war in 1866.
Buckley, James — British trade-unionist, member of the General Council of the International (November 1864-69) and of the Reform League.
Burns, Robert (1759-1796) — great Scottish democratic poet.
Burry, James — British trade unionist member of the Executive Committee of the London Operative Tailors’ Protective Association; member of the General Council of the International (1866).
Buzon — correspondent of the International in Bordeaux (France).
Campbell, Alexander — British trade-union leader, Owenist; founder of the Union of Carpenters and Joiners in Glasgow; published several workers’ papers.
Canessa, L. D. — active participant in the Italian nationalliberation movement; one of the leaders of the Federation of Workers’ Co-operative Socities of Genoa; after the death of Savi, was editor (1865-May 1866) of II Giornale delle Associazioni Operaie Italiane, central organ of the Italian workers.
Carter, James — British worker, perfumer; member of the Reform League; member of the General Council of the International (October 1864-67) and Corresponding Secretary for Italy (1866-67), participant in the London Conference (1865), the Geneva (1866) and Lausanne (1867) congresses of the International.
Cattaneo, Carlo (1801-1869) — Italian politician, philosopher and economist, bourgeois republican, active participant in the Italian Revolution of 1848.
Cheval — French worker living in Belgium; in September 1865, on instructions of the Brussels section of the International, helped to establish direct ties with the General Council.
Chevalier, Michel (1806-1879) — French engineer, economist and publicist; in the 1830s, follower of Saint-Simon, subsequently Free Trader; Senator in the period of the Second Empire, active supporter of Napoleon III’s economic policy.
Christmas — member of the Board of Directors of the Industrial Newspaper Company.
Clare, John (1793-1864) — English poet, the son of a farm-labourer, farm hand.
Clarion (or Clariol) — delegate to the London Conference of the International (1865) from the Paris Compositors’ Society.
Cloots, Anacharsis (1755-1794) — one of the leaders of the French bourgeois revolution of the end of the eighteenth century, was close to the Left Jacobins.
Cole, James — resident of the English town of Bedlington, signed the appeal of the Paris students and the response appeal of the working men of all countries in connection with the threat of war between Prussia and Austria in 1866.
Colomb, T. M. — correspondent of the International in Neuville-sur-Saône (France).
Colonieu — on July 24, 1866, was nominated to the General Council but was not elected.
Combault, Amédée Benjamin (born c. 1838, died not earlier than 1884) — French worker, jeweller; active in the French working-class movement; during his first period of emigration in London became a member of the General Council of the International (1866-67), later on took an active part in the International’s work in Paris; in 1870 founded one of the Paris sections of the International and entered the Paris Federal Council; was involved in the third legal action against the International Working Men’s Association in France; member of the Paris Commune, Chief of the Board of Direct Taxes; afterwards again emigrated to London.
Coningsby, Robert — secretary of the organising committee of the Anglo-French Industrial Exhibition which opened in London in August 1865.
Cope, James — British trade-unionist, member of the London Boot-Closers’ Society, the London Trades Council, the General Council of the International (1865-67); participant in the London Conference (1865).
Coraz — member of the International; in 1865 emigrated to America.
Corbet — landlord of the house in 18, Greek Street, Soho, meeting place of the General Council of the International between October 5, 1864 and January 2, 1866.
Corbon, Claude Anthime (1808-1891) — French politician, republican, deputy to the Constituent Assembly (1848-49); after the fall of the Second Empire, the mayor of a department in Paris, deputy of the National Assembly (1871).
Cornelius, D. — member of the General Council of the International (1864).
Cottam, Richard — English engraver, owner of the printing house which printed the International’s membership cards up to 1870; member of the International.
Coullery, Pierre (1819-1903) — Swiss physician, democrat, Proudhonist, took part in founding the International’s branch in La Chaux-de-Fonds; editor of the newspaper La Voix de l'Avenir; delegate to the Geneva (1866) and Lausanne (1867) congresses of the International; subsequent ly drew away from political activities.
Coulson, Edwin (Edward?) — British trade-unionist, secretary of the London branch of Operative Bricklayers’ Society, member of the London Trades Council; member of the General Council of the International (1865-66); member of the Executive Committee of the Reform League.
Cremer, William Randal (1828-1908) — active participant in the British trade-union and bourgeois-pacifist movement, reformist; one of the founders of the Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners (1860), member of the London Trades Council, the British National League for the Independence of Poland, and of Land and Labour League; participant in the inaugural meeting of September 28, 1864, held in St. Martin’s Hall; member of the General Council of the International (1864-66) and its General Secretary, delegate to the London Conference (1865) and the Geneva Congress (1866) of the International; member of the Executive Committee of the Reform League, opposed revolutionary tactics, during the Reform Movement allied himself with the bourgeoisie; subsequently Liberal M.P.
Crespelle — member of the General Council of the International (1866-67), member of the French branch in London where he upheld the General Council’s policy.
Dacosta, Charles — French teacher, signed the second appeal of the youth of France in connection with the threat of war in 1866, opposed the Second Empire’s police tyranny; member of the Paris Commune, Blanquist, after the defeat of the Paris Commune was sentenced to penal servitude, escaped to Eng land.
Davis, Jefferson (1808-1889) — American statesman, big slave-owning planter, Democrat, one of the organisers of the Southern slave-owners’ revolt; took part in the war with Mexico (1846-48); U.S. Secretary of War (1853-57), President of the Confederated States of America (1861-65).
Dell, William — interior decorator, active in the British working-class and democratic movement; member of the Universal League for the Welfare of the Industrious Classes and of the British National League for the Independence of Poland; participant in the inaugural meeting of September 28, 1864, held in St. Martin’s Hall; member of the General Council of the International (1864-69) and its Treasurer (1865, 1866-67), participated in the London Conference of 1865; one of the leaders of the Reform League.
De Marckel — correspondent of the International in Granville (France).
Denoual, Jules — French petty-bourgeois democrat, participant in the inaugural meeting of September 28, 1864, held in St. Martin’s Hall, member of the General Council of the International (1864-65).
De Paepe, César (1842-1890) — prominent figure in the Belgian working-class and socialist movement, compositor subsequently physician; one of the founders of the Belgian section of the International (1865); member of the Belgian Federal Council; delegate to the London Conference (1865), the Lausanne (1867), Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses, and to the London Conference (1871) of the International; following the Hague Congress, supported the Bakuninists for some time; one of the founders of the Belgian Workers’ Party (1885).
Deroin, Jeanne-Francoise (1805-1894) — French publicist, seamstress, afterwards teacher, advocate of Utopian socialism, took part in founding the Seamstresses’ Mutual Aid Society; in 1852 emigrated to England; publisher and editor of several women’s periodicals.
Defoe, Daniel (c. 1661-1731) — famous English author and publicist.
Devaster — member of the General Council of the International (1865).
Dick, Alexander — British worker, baker, trade-unionist, member of the Amalgamated Bakers; member of the General Council of the International (November 1864-65); in 1865, in connection with his removal to New Zealand, was appointed the International’s corresponding secretary for that country.
Donatti, Thomas — member of the General Council of the International (1865-66).
Duhamel, Ferdinand — correspondent of the International in Lisieux (France).
Dujonquoy — owner of the New York Hotel in London, 1865.
Dumesnil-Marigny, Jules (1810-1885) — French bourgeois economist and publicist; member of the International (1865), participant in the London Conference (1865) of the International.
Dupleix, Francois — Swiss worker, bookbinder, one of the organisers and chairman of the French section of the International in Geneva; delegate to the London Conference (1865), the Geneva (1866) and Lausanne (1867) congresses of the International.
Dupont Eugène (c. 1831-1881) — prominent figure in the international working-class movement, French worker, musical instrument maker, took part in the 1848 June uprising in Paris; from 1862 on lived in London; member of the General Council of the International (November 1864-72), Corresponding Secretary for France (1865-71), participant in the London Conference (1865) and the Geneva Congress (1866); Chairman of the Lausanne Congress (1867) and delegate to the Brussels (1868) Congress, the London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress (1872), of the International; upheld ;Marx’s policy in the International; in 1870 moved to Manchester where he formed a branch of the International; in 1872 became a member of the British Federal Council of the International; in 1874 moved to the U.S.A...
Duthy — in September 1865, on instructions of the Brussels section of the International, helped to establish direct contact with the General Council.
Dutton, James Frank — British worker, coachmaker, member of the General Council of the International (1866-67).
Dutton, Ralph — member of the General Council of the International (1866-67).
Eccarius, Johann Georg (John George) (1818-1889) — prominent figure in the international and German working-class movement, working-class publicist tailor, an émigré in London; member of the League of the Just, later, of the Communist League; one of the founders of the London German Workers’ Educational Association; participant in the inaugural meeting of September 28, 1864, held in St. Martin’s Hall; member of the General Council of the International (1864-72), Council’s General Secretary (1867-71), Corresponding Secretary for America (1870-72), delegate to all the International’s congresses and conferences; later joined the reformist. leaders of the British trade unions.
Eichler — German worker, painter, in 1862 was sent by the National Labour Union to the London Industrial Exhibition; subsequently exposed as an agent-provocateur in the working-class movement.
Elliott, Ebenezer (1781-1849) — English poet, Chartist, the son of an iron master.
Engels, Friedrich (1820-1895). —
Facey, Thomas Grant — British worker, painter, trade-unionist; Secretary of the Universal League for the Welfare of the Industrious Classes; participant in the inaugural meeting of September 28, 1864, held in St. Martin’s Hall; member of the General Council of the International (October 1864); member of the Executive Committee of the Reform League.
Fairbairn, Robert — resident of the English town of Bedlington, signed the appeal of the Paris students and the response appeal of the working men of all countries in connection with the threat of war between Prussia and Austria in 1866.
Falconnet — correspondent of the International in Switzerland.
Fenili, F. — member of the Council of the Association of Mutual Progress (Mazzini organisation of Italian workers in London); member of the International.
Ferrari, Guiseppe (1811-1876) — Italian philosopher and politician, took part in the national-liberation movement, opposed the policy of unifying Italy under the Savoy dynasty.
Ferret (or Terret) — correspondent of the International in Pantin (suburb of Paris.
Fontana, Guiseppe (1840-1876) — participant in the 1848 Revolution in Italy; an émigré, one of the leaders of the Association of Mutual Progress (Mazzini organisation of Italian workers in London); member of the General Council of the International (October 1864-65), Corresponding Secretary for Italy (1864-65).
Fontaine, Léon — Belgian journalist active participant in the democratic movement in Belgium; in 1862-65 publisher of the French edition of Herzen’s Kolokol (The Bell); General Council’s Corresponding Secretary pro tem. for Belgium, delegate to the Brussels Congress (1868) of the International.
Forey, Elie-Frédéric (1804-1872) — French marshal, Bonapartist; one of the participants in the coup d'état of December 2, 1851; Senator from 1859 on; in 1863 was appointed commander of the French expeditionary corps in Mexico.
Fox, Peter (Peter Fox Andre) (d. 1869) — journalist, active in the British democratic and working-class movement; influenced by the Positivists; one of the leaders of the British National League for the Independence of Poland; participant in the inaugural meeting of September 28, 1864, held in St. Martin’s Hall; member of the General Council of the International (1864-69), from 1865 on the General Council’s official press correspondent, General Secretary of the Council (September-November 1866), Corresponding Secretary for America (1866-67); one of the editors of The Commonwealth (1866); member of the Executive Committee of the Reform League.
Francis — member of the General Council of the International (1865).
Franklin, Benjamin (1706-1790) — American statesman and diplomat, bourgeois democrat, took part in the American War of Independence; eminent physicist and economist.
Fribourg, E. E. — active figure in the French working-class movement, engraver, subsequently businessman; Rightwing Proudhonist; participant in the inaugural meeting of September 28, 1864, held in St. Martin’s Hall; one of the leaders of the International’s Paris section; delegate to the London Conference (1865) and the Geneva Congress (1866); in 1871 published his book L'Association Internationale des Travailleurs which was hostile to the International and the Paris Commune.
Gardner, William — Englishman, member of the General Council of the International (1865-67, 1869).
Garibaldi, Guiseppe (1807-1882) — Italian revolutionary, democrat, leader of the Italian national-liberation movement; in 1848 lead a volunteer corps, fought on the side of the Piedmont army in the war against Austria; organised the defence of the Roman Republic in April-June 1849; in the 1850s and 1860s headed the struggle of the Italian people for national liberation and the unification of Italy.
Garow, Francois — member of the International, member of the French branch in London; cabinet -.
Geninazzi, G. — member of the Council of the Association of Mutual Progress (Mazzini organisation of Italian workers in London); member of the International.
Gérard, Balthasar (1558-1584) — fanatic Catholic who in 1584 assassinated Prince William of Orange leader of the Netherland bourgeois revolution of the sixteenth century.
Gintini — member of the Council of the Association of Mutual Progress (Mazzini organisation of Italian workers in London); member of the International.
Girardin, Emile de (1806-1881) — French bourgeois publicist and politician, notorious for his unscrupulousness in politics.
Gladstone, William Ewart (1809-1898) — British statesman, Tory, later Peelite, in the latter half of the nineteenth century one of the leaders of the Liberal Party; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1852-55 and 1859-66) and Prime Minister (1868-74, 1880-85, 1886 and 1892-94).
Gocht — member of the International, President of the London German Workers’ Educational Association, 1865.
Graham, David — resident of the English town of Bedlington, signed the appeal of the Paris students and the response appeal of the working men of all countries in connection with the threat of war between Prussia and Austria in 1866.
Gray, Rodger, W. — British worker, mason, President of the Board of Directors of The Bee-Hive Industrial Newspaper Company; participant in the inaugural meeting of September 28, 1864, held in St. Martin’s Hall; member of the General Council of the International (1864-65), member of the Universal League for the Welfare of the Industrious Classes and of the Reform League.
Grey, George (1799-1882) — British statesman, Whig, Home Secretary (1846-52, 1855-58, 1861-66), Colonial Secretary (1854-55).
Grossmith, John — member of the British National League for the Independence of Poland and of the General Council of the International (November 1864-65).
Guyon, Louis — French clerk, signed the second appeal of the youth of France in connection with the threat of war in 1866; in 1866 was tried in the Blanquist secret society case, known as “L'affaire de la Renaissance.”
Hailstone, Thomas — resident of the English town of Bedlington, signed the appeal of the Paris students and the response appeal of the working men of all countries in connection with the threat of war between Prussia and Austria in 1866.
Hales, John (b. 1839) — British worker, weaver, trade-union leader, member of the General Council of the International (1866-72) and its Secretary (1871-72); member of the Reform League, the Land ,and Labour League; delegate to the London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress (1872) of the International; at the beginning of 1872 headed the reformist wing of the British Federal Council; waged a struggle against Marx seeking to gain leadership of the International in Britain.
Hallam, Thomas — British trade-unionist; Secretary of the Shoemakers’ Society in Birmingham; member of the International.
Hansen, N. P. — member of the General Council of the International (December 1864-67), delegate to the London Conference of the International (1865), Corresponding Secretary for Denmark (1866), and for Denmark and Holland (1867).
Harris, George — active figure in the British working-class movement, follower of the social-reformist views of the Chartist Bronterre O'Brien; member of the General Council of the International (1869-72), Financial Secretary of the Council (1870-71).
Harrison, Frederick (1831-1923) — English jurist and historian, bourgeois radical, Positivist, active participant in the democratic movement of the 1860s; member of the International.
Harry, W — member of the General Council of the International (1866).
Hartwell, Robert (born c. 1812) — printer, former Chartist, one of the editors of The Bee-Hive; participant in the inaugural meeting of September 28, 1864, held in St. Martin’s Hall; member of the General Council of the International (1864-65); was on the Reform League’s Executive Committee; Secretary of the London Working Men’s Union.
Harvey, F. — member of the General Council of the International (1866-67).
Haufe, Albert F. — German tailor, living in London, member of the General Council of the International (1866).
Hennessy, John Pope (1834-1891) — Irish conservative M.P., in the early 1860s proposed carrying out minor reforms in Ireland.
Holtorp, Emile — Polish émigré in London; member of the General Council of the International (October 1864-66), Corresponding Secretary for Poland (1864-65), delegate to the London Conference of the International (1865); in 1866 joined the International Republican Committee set up by Mazzini.
Holyoake, Austin (d. 1874) — participant in the British democratic movement; member of the General Council of International (1864).
Hooson, Edward — active in the co-operative movement of Manchester, took part in the Reform Movement in England.
Howell, George (1833-1910) — British worker, mason, former Chartist; one of the reformist leaders of the British trade unions, Secretary of the London Trades Council (1861-62); participant in the inaugural meeting of September 28, 1864, held in St. Martin’s Hall; member of the General Council of the International (1864-69), participant in the London Conference (1865) of the International; Secretary of the Reform League and of the Parliamentary Committee of the British Trades Union Congress (1871-75).
Hraybe (or Rhabie) — Hungarian émigré in London; President of the London German Workers’ Educational Association (1866); member of the General Council of the International (1865-66); in September 1866, in connection with his departure for Hungary, was empowered to act there on behalf of the International Working Men’s Association.
Humbert — French employee, signed the second appeal of the youth of France in connection with the threat of war in 1866.
Jafery — on March 28, 1865 was nominated to the General Council but was not elected.
Janks, A. — member of the General Council of the International (1865).
Jayet, Joseph — member of the General Council of the International (1866-67).
Jebb, Joshua (1793-1863) — British army officer, Chief Inspector of convict prisons in Britain; wrote several books on the prison system.
Jenkins, John — Englishman, member of the International.
Jeunesse, Antony — French student, Blanquist; took part in the French republican movement in the 1860s.
Johnson, Andrew (1808-1875) — American statesman, Democrat, Governor of Tennessee (1853-57 and 1862-65), Senator (1858-62), supporter of the North in the American Civil War, Vice-President (1864) and President of the United States (1865-69), pursued a policy of agreement with the Southern planters.
Johnson, H. — Englishman, member of the General Council of the International (1865-67).
Jones, Ernest Charles (1819-1869) — outstanding figure in the British working-class movement, proletarian poet and publicist; one of the leaders of revolutionary Chartism; friend of Marx and Engels.
Jourdain, Gustave — French petty-bourgeois democrat, after the 1848 Revolution, an émigré in London; joined a group of petty-bourgeois republicans, followers of Felix Pyat; member of the General Council of the International (1864).
Julien — French worker, painter on glass, signed the second appeal of the youth of France to the working men of all countries in connection with the threat of war in 1866.
Jung, Hermann (1830-1901) — prominent figure in the International and Swiss working-class movement, watchmaker, an emigre in London; member of the General Council of the International and Corresponding Secretary for Switzerland (November 1864-72), Treasurer of the General Council (1871-72), Vice-Chairman of the London Conference (1865), Chairman of the Geneva (1866), Brussels (1868 and Basle (1869) congresses and of the London Conference (1871) of the International; member of the British Federal Council; prior to the Hague Congress of 1872 pursued Marx’s line in the International, later joined the reformist leaders of the British trade unions.
Kaub, Karl (William?) — German worker, an émigré in London, after 1865, in Paris; member of the London German Workers’ Educational Association; member of the General Council of the International (November 1864-65), participant in the London Conference of 1865.
Kellermann, Albert — French post-office clerk, Blanquist, member of the French republican movement in the 1860s.
Kelly, R. — owned of a printing house in London; member of the International.
Kessler, O. P. — member of the International, member of the Eintracht, a branch of the London German Workers’ Educational Association.
Klimosch, H. — member of the General Council of the International (1865).
Klinker, A. — member of the International, member of the Teutonia, a branch of the London German Workers’ Educational Association.
Konter, H. — member of the International, member of the Teutonia, a branch of the London German Workers’ Educational Association.
Kriess — conductor of the choir of the London German Workers’ Educational Association.
Krynski, Jan (John) (1811-1890) — Polish revolutionary, an émigré in London; member of the General Council of the International (1865-67); Secretary of the Central London Section of the United Polish Exiles.
Lafargue, Paul (1842-1911) — prominent figure in the International and French working-class movement, outstanding propagator of Marx. ism; member of the French branch in London where he fought for the line of the General Council; member of the General Council of the International, Corresponding Secretary for Spain (1866-69); helped to organise the International’s sections in France (1869-70), Spain and Portugal (1871-72), delegate to the Hague Congress (1872); one of the founders of the Workers’ Party in France; disciple and associate of Marx and Engels.
Lake, George — British worker, joiner; trade-unionist, member of the General Council of the International (1864) and of the Reform League.
Lama, Domenico — President of the Association of Mutual Progress (Mazzini organisation of Italian workers in London); participant in the inaugural meeting of September 28, 1864, held in St. Martin’s Hall; member of the General Council of the International (1864-65).
Landowski, Jean Louis — French bookseller’s clerk, signed the second appeal of the youth of France in connection with the threat of war in 1866; in 1866 was tried in the Blanquist secret society case, known as “L'affaire de la Renaissance.”
Lardaux, Francois David (1814-1866) — French petty-bourgeois democrat, participant in the 1848 Revolution in France; an émigré in London; owner of a small restaurant in Soho, meeting place of émigrés; member of the International.
Lassalle, Ferdinand (1825-1864) — German petty-bourgeois publicist, lawyer; in 1848-49 took part in the democratic movement of Rhenish Province; early in the 1860s joined the working-class movement, one of the founders of the General Association of German Workers (1863); supported the policy of Germany’s unification “from above,” under the hegemony of Prussia; laid the beginning of the opportunist trend in the German working-class movement.
Lassassie, F. — French hairdresser, an émigré in London; member of the General Council of the International (1865-68), participant in the London Conference of 1865, member of the French branch in London where he advocated the General Council’s policy.
Lavallée, Gaetan — French student. Blanquist, took part in the French republican movement in the 1860s.
Lawrence, Mathew — British trade-unionist, President of the Operative Tailors’ Protective Association in London; member of the General Council of the International (1866-68), delegate to the Geneva Congress (1866) of the International.
Lefebvre (Lefebre), Emile — correspondent of the International in Neufchâteau (France).
Lefort, Henri (1835-1917) — French lawyer, journalist, bourgeois republican, member of L'Association’s Editorial Board; took part in the preparations for the inaugural meeting of September 28, 1864, held in St. Martin’s Hail; in March 1865 left the International.
Le Lubez, Victor (born c. 1834) — French émigré in London, was connected with bourgeois-republican and radical elements in France and Britain; took part in the inaugural meeting of September 28, 1864, held in St. Martin’s Hall; member of the General Council of the International (1864-66), Corresponding Secretary for France (1864-65), participant in the London Conference of 1865; expelled from the General Council by the Geneva Congress (1866) for intrigue and slander.
Le Maitre, Frédéric — French émigré, owner of a small printshop in London.
Lemoine, E. — French student, signed the second appeal of the youth of France in connection with the threat of war in 1866; came out against the police tyranny of the Second Empire.
Leno, John Bredford (b. 1826) — British worker, printer, Chartist, later trade-unionist; member of the Universal League for the Welfare of the Industrious Classes and of the Reform League; took part in the inaugural meeting of September 28, 1864, held in St. Martin’s Hall; member of the General Council of the International (1864-67), participant in the London Conference (1865); publisher of The Workman’s Advocate (1865-66).
Leroux, Jules — French printer, republican, after the coup d'état of 1851 emigrated to England; member of the General Council of the International (October 1864-March 1865); member of the French branch in London; brother of Pierre Leroux.
Leroux, Pierre (1797-1871) — French publicist, Utopian socialist, representative of Christian socialism; after the coup d'état of 1851 emigrated to England.
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim (1729-1781) — famous German dramatist, critic and philosopher, one of the prominent Enlighteners of the eighteenth century.
Lessner, Friedrich (1825-1910) — prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement, tailor; member of the Communist League; participant in the Revolution of 1848-49; from 1856 on, an émigré in London; member of the London German Workers’ Educational Association and of the General Council of the International (November 1864-72); delegate to the London Conference (1865), the Lausanne (1867), Brussels (1868), Basle (1869) and Hague (1872) congresses of the International; member of the British Federal Council; actively fought for Marx’s line in the International; one of the founders of the British Independent Labour Party; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.
Leverson, Montegue — British radical, member of the Executive Committee of the Reform League; participant in the Polish meeting of March 1, 1865, in London.
Levraud, Léonce — French medical student, Blanquist, signed the second appeal of the youth of France in connection with the threat of war in 1866; in 1866 was tried in the Blanquist secret society case, known as “L'affaire de la Renaissance.”
Lewis, Leon — American journalist; in 1865, was elected a member of the General Council and corresponding secretary for America, did not take part in the work of the Council.
Liebknecht, Wilhelm (1826-1900) — prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement, participant in the Revolution of 1848-49; member of the Communist League; member of the First International, active fighter against Lassalleanism and for the principles of the International in the German working-class movement; delegate to the Basle (1869) Congress of the International; from 1867 on, deputy of the Reichstag; one of the founders and leaders of German Social-Democracy; editor of Der Volksstaat (1869-76); during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71 and the Paris Commune came out against the predatory plans of the Prussian Junkers and the bourgeoisie and in defence of the Paris Commune; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.
Lilley — .
Limousin, Antoine — French worker, lace-maker, active in the French co-operative movement, Proudhonist; took part in the inaugural meeting of September 28, 1864, held in St. Martin’s Hall; one of the leaders of the Paris section of the International till the middle of 1865, member of the International up to 1866; father of Charles Limousin.
Limousin, Charles — French working-class leader, printer, later, journalist; Secretary of the Board of L'Association; one of the editors of La Tribune Ouvrière; delegate to the London Conference (1865) of the International; in 1870 member of the Paris Federal Council; active in the co. operative movement; published several journals.
Lincoln, Abraham (1809-1865) — American statesman, one of the founders of the Republican Party, President of the United States (1861-65); during the Civil War, under pressure of the masses, in 1862 abandoned all attempts to achieve a compromise with the slave-owners and introduced bourgeois-democratic changes and revolutionary methods of warfare; assassinated in April 1865 by an agent of the slave-owners.
Lochner, Georg (born c. 1824) — German worker, joiner, active in the German working-class movement; member ,of the Communist League and of the London German Workers’ Educational Association; member of the General Council of the International (November 1964-67 and 1871-72), delegate to the International’s London conferences of 1865 and 1871; friend and follower of Marx and Engels.
Loeber, L. — member of the International, member of the Eintracht, a branch of the London German Workers’ Educational Association.
Lofthouse, David — resident of the English town of Bedlington, signed the appeal of the Paris students and the response appeal of the working men of all countries in connection with the threat of war between Prussia and Austria in 1866.
Long — member of the International and of the Hand-in-Hand Coopers’ Society in London.
Longmaid, John — participant in the inaugural meeting of September 28, 1864, held in St. Martin’s Hall; member of the General Council of the International (1864-65); member of the Executive Committee of the Reform League.
Longuet, Charles (1833-1903) — French journalist, one of the leaders of the French working-class movement, Proudhonist; member of the French branch in London where he fought for the General Council’s line, member of the General Council of the International (1866-67 and 1871-72), Corresponding Secretary for Belgium, delegate to the Lausanne (1867) and Brussels. (1868) congresses, the London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress (1872) of the International; member of the Paris Commune, after the defeat of the Paris Commune emigrated to England; subsequently joined the opportunist wing in the socialist movement in France.
Lorenz, A. — member of the international, member of the Teutonia, a branch of the London German Workers’ Educational Association.
Louis Philippe (1773-1850) — King of France (1830-48).
Luby — wife of Clarke Luby, one of the leaders of the Irish national-liberation movement.
Lucraft, Benjamin (1809-1897) — British worker, furnituremaker, one of the reformist leaders of the British trade unions; participant in the inaugural meeting of September 28, 1864, held in St. Martin’s Hall; member of the General Council of the International (1864-71), delegate of the Brussels (1868) and the Basle (1869) congresses of the International; member ,of the Executive Committee of the Reform League; in 1871 refused to sign the General Council’s address “The Civil War in France” and left the International.
McColman, John — correspondent of the International in Glasgow.
McDonald, Robert — resident of the English town of Bedlington, signed the appeal of the Paris students and the response appeal of the working men of all countries in connection with the threat of war between Prussia and Austria in 1866.
McLeod, Alexander — resident of the English town of Bedlington, signed the appeal of the Paris students and the response appeal of the working men of all countries in connection with the threat of war between Prussia and Austria in 1866.
Madiot — correspondent of the International in Rennes (France).
Manteuffel, Otto Theodor, Baron (1805-1882) — Prussian statesman, representative of the Junker bureaucracy; Home Minister (1848-50), Prime Minister and Foreign Minister (1850-58).
Mantz, Edwin Schelly — member of the General Council of the International (1865), Secretary of the Industrial Newspaper Company.
Marcheval — French weaver, International’s Corresponding Secretary for Vienne (France) section founded in 1866.
Marco — worker, fan-maker, member of the International, member of the French branch in London.
Martin, Henri (1810-1883) — French historian and politician; member of the International Working Men’s Association from 1865 on.
Marx, Karl (1818-1883) —
Massman, W. — member of the General Council of the International (1866), re-elected to the Council (1866-67) by the Geneva Congress; in the autumn of 1866 left for Germany where he was instructed to carry on activities in the interests of the International Working Men’s Association.
Maurice, Zévy — tailor, member of the General Council of the International (1866-72), Corresponding Secretary for Hungary (1870-71).
Mazzini, Guiseppe (1805-1872) — Italian revolutionary, bourgeois democrat, one of the leaders of the Italian national-liberation movement headed the Provisional Government of the Roman Republic (1849); one of the organisers of the Central Committee of European Democracy in London (1850); when the International was founded in 1864, tried to bring it under his influence.
Measor — Deputy Governor of the Chatharn prison (England).
Merriman — member of the General Council of the International (November 1864-67).
Morgan, W. — British worker, shoemaker, active in the British working-class movement, member of the General Council of the International (October 1864-68) and of the Reform League.
Morrissot — Frenchman, member of the General Council of the International (1864).
Mulchinock, G. — member of the International, secretary of the Greenwich and Deptford branch of the International Working Men’s Association.
Murphy (O'Leary) — lrish Fenian, arrested in 1864 for carrying on propaganda among the soldiers of the King’s army in Ireland, sentenced to ten years’ penal servitude.
Napoleon III (Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte) (1808-1873) — nephew of Napoleon I; President of the Second Empire (1848-51); Emperor of the French (1852-70).
Nero, Claudius (37-68) — Roman Emperor (54-68).
Nicholas I (1796-1855) — Russian Emperor (1825-55).
Nieass, John D. — British worker, plasterer; member of the London Trades Council, the British National League for the Independence of Poland, and of the Universal League for the Welfare of the Industrious Classes; participant in the inaugural meeting of September 28, 1864, held in St. Martin’s Hall; member of the General Council of the International (1864-65) and of the Reform League.
Niemann — French sculptor, signed the second appeal of the youth of France to the working men of all countries in connection with the threat of war in 1866.
Noble, H. A. — British trade-unionist, member of the Executive Committee of the Society of Masons and Bricklayers, participant in the inaugural meeting of September 28, 1864, held in St. Martin’s Hall; member of the General Council of the International (1864).
Nusperli M. G. — member of the General Council of the International (October 1864-65), in October 1864 was elected corresponding secretary for Switzerland, in January 1865 became a member of the Greenwich and Deptford branch of the International.
Oborski, Louis (1787-1873) — Polish colonel, took part in the Polish insurrection of 1830-31, later emigrated to England; a leading member of the Society of Fraternal Democrats; commander of a division in Baden revolutionary army (1849); member of the General Council of the International (1865-67); President of the Central London Section of the United Polish Exiles.
Odger, George (1820-1877) — one of the reformist leaders of the British trade unions, shoemaker, took part in founding the London Trades Council and was its Secretary in 1862-72; member of the British National League for the Independence of Poland, of the Land and Labour League, and the Labour Representation League; participant in the inaugural meeting of September 28, 1864, held in St. Martin’s Hall; member of the General Council of the International (1864-71), its President (1864-67); took part in the London Conference (1865) and the Geneva Congress (1866); member of the Executive Committee of the Reform League; during the Reform Movement in England came to an agreement with the bourgeoisie, in 1871 refused to sign the General Council’s address “The Civil War in France” and left the Council.
O'Donovan Rossa — wife of Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa (1831-1915), one of the leaders of the Irish nationalliberation movement; in 1865-66 she organised the collection of funds for the families of the Irish state prisoners; author of the appeal to the women of Ireland published, by decision of the General Council of the International, in The Workman’s Advocate, January 6, 1866.
O'Leary. —See Murphy.
Ollivier, Emile (1825-1913) — French bourgeois politician, republican, and subsequently a Bonapartist, head of the French Cabinet of Ministers (January-August 1870).
Orsini, Cesare — Italian political emigrant; member of the General Council of the International (1866-67), propagated the ideas of the International in the U.S.A.; brother of Felice Orsini.
Orsini, Felice (1819-1858) — Italian revolutionary, bourgeois democrat and republican, fought for the national liberation and unification of Italy; executed for attempt to assassinate Napoleon III.
Ortiga — member of the General Council of the International (1866-67).
Osborne, John — British worker, plasterer, trade-unionist, participant in the inaugural meeting of September 28, 1864, held in St. Martin’s Hall; member of the General Council of the International (1864-67); was active in the Universal League for the Welfare of the Industrious Classes, the Reform League, the Land and Labour League, and in the Labour Representation League.
Otto, L. — See Breitschwert, Otto.
Owen, Robert (1771-1858) — famous British Utopian Socialist.
Pakington, John Somerset (1799-1880) — British statesman, Tory, Secretary of State f or War and Colonies (1852), First Lord of the Admiralty (1858-59 and 1866-67), and Secretary for War (1867-68).
Palmerston, Henry John Temple, Viscount (1784-1865) — British statesman, Tory at the beginning of his career, from 1930 on, one of the Whig leaders relying on the Right-wing elements of that party, Foreign Secretary (1830-34, 1835-41 and 1846-51), Home Secretary (1852-55) and Prime Minister (1855-58 and 1859-65).
Patis, B. — British worker, member of the London association of wire workers.
Paz — general of the Mexican army during Mexico’s struggle for independence (1863-67).
Perchelet, Lucien — Frenchman, member of the General Council of the International (1865).
Petersen, Peter — member of the General Council of the International (November 1864-65).
Pfänder, Karl (1818-1876) — one of the leaders of the German working-class movement, artist; an émigré in London from 1845 on; member of the London German Workers’ Educational Association, the Central Committee of the Communist League, and of General Council of the International (November 1864-67 and 1870-72); friend and associate of Marx and Engels.
Philip II (1527-1598) — King of Spain (1556-98).
Pidgeon, W. — British worker, baker, trade-unionist, participant in the inaugural meeting of September 28, 1864, held in St. Martin’s Hall; member of the General Council of the International (1864) and of the Reform League.
Poole — owner of a sewing shop in London.
Potter, George (1832-1893) — British worker, carpenter, one of the reformist leaders of the trade-union movement; member of the London Trades Council and one of the leaders of the Amalgamated Union of Building Workers; founder, editor and publisher of The Bee-Hive where he pursued a policy of compromise with the liberal bourgeoisie.
Prior, John Damrel (b. 1840) — one of the reformist leaders of the British trade-union movement, member of the General Council of the International (1866), elected to the General Council also by the Geneva Congress for 1866-67; General Secretary of the Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners (1871-81); member of the Labour Representation League.
Prudhomme (born c. 1843) — correspondent of the International in Bordeaux (France).
Ramsay, John — resident of the English town of Bedlington, signed the appeal of the Paris students and the response appeal of the working men of all countries in connection with the threat of war between Prussia and Austria in 1866.
Reaveley, Edward — British trade-unionist, member of the London Coachmakers’ Friendly Society, represented this society in the General Council of the International (1867).
Reynolds — member of the International, belonged to the Hand-in-Hand Coopers’ Society.
Richet, Nestor — French worker, shawl cleaner, signed the second appeal of the youth of France in connection with the threat of war in 1866; in 1866 was tried in the Blanquist secret society case, known as “L'affaire de la Renaissance.”
Rigault, Raoul-Georges-Adolphe (1846-1871) — Blanquist, medical student, publicist; active participant in the French republican movement in the late 1860s; signed the second appeal of the youth of France to the working men of all countries in connection with the threat of war in 1866; member of the Paris Commune, from April 26, 1871 Procurator of the Commune, shot by the Versaillists on May 24, 1871.
Russell, John, Earl (1792-1878) — British statesman, Whig leader, Prime Minister (1846-52 and 1856-66), Foreign Secretary (1852-53 and 1859-65).
Rybczinski, F. — Polish émigré in London, member of the General Council of the International (1864).
St. Leonards. — See Sugden, Edward.
Salvatella, Narcisse — member of the Association of Mutual Progress (Mazzini organisation of Italian workers in London); member of the General Council of the International (1865).
Sassinari. —
Savi, Philippo (Francesco?) Bartholomeo (d. 1865) — one of the leaders of the Italian national-liberation movement, follower of Mazzini, took part in Garibaldi’s expedition in 1860; member of the Central Council of the Italian working men’s associations; editor of II Giornale delle Associazioni Operaie Italiane, central organ of these societies.
Schantzenbach, Alexander — member of the General Council of the International (1864).
Schapper, Karl (1812-1870) — prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement; one of the leaders of the League of the Just; member of the Central Committee of the Communist League; took part in the Revolution of 1848-49; in 1850 one of the leaders of the sectarian-adventurist group during the split in the Communist League; in 1856 again drew close to Marx; member of the General Council of the International (1865); participant in the London Conference of 1865.
Schettel, Adrien — French worker, mechanic, Left republican, took part in the 1848 Revolution; one of the organisers of the International’s section in Lyons; delegate to the Geneva (1866) and Lausanne (1867) congresses of the International; was sentenced to imprisonment for taking part in the revolutionary events in Lyons in September 1870.
Schily, Victor (1810-1875) — German democrat, lawyer, participant in the Baden rising of 1849; later emigrated to France; member of the International, helped the General Council to strengthen the International in Paris; took part in the London Conference of 1865.
Schmelzer — member of the International; Treasurer of the London German Workers’ Educational Association, 1865.
Schulze-Delitzsch, Hermann (1808-1883) — German politician and vulgar economist, advocated the unification of Germany under the hegemony of Prussia, one of the founders of the National Union party; in the 1860s one of the Progressist leaders; sought to divert the workers from revolutionary struggle by organising co-operative societies.
Scott, John — resident of the English town of Bedlington, signed the appeal of the Paris students and the response appeal of the working men of all countries in connection with the threat of war between Prussia and Austria in 1866.
Sely — member of the International, secretary of the London Society of Compositors.
Senior, Nassau William (1790-1864) — English vulgar economist, apologist of capitalism; opposed shortening of the working day.
Seruzier, Paul — French student, signed the second appeal of the youth of France in connection with the threat of war in 1866; came out against the police tyranny of the Second Empire.
Setacci, C. — one of the leaders of the Association of Mutual Progress (Mazzini organisation of Italian workers in London); member of the General Council of the International (October 1864-65).
Seward, Frederick William (1830-1915) — American journalist and diplomat, son of William Henry Seward.
Seward, William Henry (1801-1872) — American statesman, leader of the Right wing of the Republican Party, Senator, Governor of New York State (1839-43), nominated for presidency in the 1860 elections; Secretary of State (1861-69).
Shakespeare, William (1564-1616) — great English poet and dramatist.
Shearman, Charles — British trade-unionist, member of the Bricklayers’ Executive Committee; participant in the inaugural meeting of September 28, 1864, held in St. Martin’s Hall; member of the General Council in the International (1864-67).
Shaw, Robert (d. 1869) — one of the leaders of the British working-class movement, painter, participant in the inaugural meeting of September 28, 1864, held in St. Martin’s Hall; member of the General Council of the International (1864-69), in which he took an active part, propagating the International’s ideas in local trade-union organisations, Treasurer of the Council (1867-68), Corresponding Secretary for America (1867-69), delegate to the London Conference (1865) and the Brussels Congress (1868) of the International.
Side, Robert Henry — member of the General Council of the International (November 1864-66).
Smales, Thomas — member of the General Council of the International (1864).
Smith, Edward (c. 1818-1874) — consulting physician and medical officer of the Privy Council to Inquire into the Nourishment of the Poorer Labouring Classes.
Solustri, F. — one of the leaders of the Association of Mutual Progress (Mazzini organisation of Italian workers in London); member of the General Council of the International (November 1864-65).
Sornet, Léon — French railwayman, signed the second appeal of the youth of France in connection with the threat of war in 1866; in 1866 was tried in the Blanquist secret society case, known as “L'affaire de la Renaissance.”
Stainsby, William D. — British trade-unionist, tailor participant in the inaugural meeting of September 28, 1864, held in St. Martin’s Hall; member of the General Council of the International (1864-68); member of the executive committees of the Reform League and of the Labour Representation League.
Stampa, Gaspare — active participant in the Italian nationalliberation movement, follower of Mazzini; member of the Central Council of the Italian working men’s associations, delegate to the Lausanne Congress of the International (1867); subsequently a Bakuninist.
Steel, George — resident of the English town of Bedlington, signed the appeal of the Paris students and the response appeal of the working men of all countries in connection with the threat of war between Prussia and Austria in 1866.
Stephenson, George (Stevenson) (1781-1848) — famous English inventor, the son of a miner, mechanic.
Stockey, W. — member of the General Council of the International (1866).
Stumpf, Paul (c. 1827-1913) — active participant in the German working-class movement, in 1847 member of the German Working Men’s Association in Brussels, member of the Communist League, took part in the Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany; member of the International, delegate to the Lausanne Congress (1867) of the International, member of the German Social-Democratic Labour Party.
Sugden, Edward, Baron St. Leo nards (1781-1875) — English lawyer and statesman, Tory.
Talandier, Alfred (1822-1890) — French petty-bourgeois democrat, journalist; took part in the Revolution of 1848 in France; after the coup d'état of 1851 emigrated to London, friend of Alexander Herz en member of the General Council of the International (1864); member of the Chamber of Deputies (1876-90, 1881-85).
Talbot, Edouard — French physician, in 1848 founded a benefit co-operative society in Caen, closed down by Napoleon III’s government in 1852; in 1865 organised a section of the International in Caen; correspondent of the International in that town; in February 1871 editor of Franc-Parleur, published in Caen; was sentenced to one year’s imprisonment for his articles.
Taylor, John Robert — one of the leaders of the British democratic movement, printer, took an active part in the work of the British National League for the Independence of Poland, in the Universal League for the Welfare of the Industrious Classes, and in the Reform League; on October 11, 1864 was elected to the General Council of the International but withdrew from it on October 18 following his unsuccessful attempt to merge the International Working Men’s Association with the Universal League..
Therry, Rodger (1800-1874) — English lawyer and colonial official, served in New South Wales (Australia) from 1829 to 1859; author of Reminiscences of Thirty Years’ Residence in New South Wales and Victoria published in 1861.
Todd — British trade-unionist, Secretary of the London Coachmakers’ Friendly Society.
Tolain, Henri Louis (1928-1897) — French worker, engraver, Right-wing Proudhonist; participant in the inaugural meeting of September 28, 1864, held in St. Martin’s Hall; one of the leaders of the International’s Paris section; delegate to the London Conference (1865), the Geneva (1866), Lausanne (1867), Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses of the International; after September 4, 1870, deputy of the National Assembly; during the Paris Commune went over to the side of the Versaillists; in 1871 was expelled from the International.
Toutain, Léon — clerk on a notary office in Condé-sur-Noireau (France); correspondent of the International in that town.
Trani (or Traini), Giacomo (James) — active participant in the Italian national-liberation movement, took part in the 1848-49 Revolution in Italy, follower of Garibaldi; emigrated to London, where he became a small merchant; member of the General Council of the International (1866-67), Corresponding Secretary for Italy (1866).
Tremblay — French merchant, signed the second :appeal of the youth of France to the working men of all countries in connection with the threat of war in 1866.
Tremenheere, Hugh Seymour (1804-1893) — British official and publicist, member of various government commissions investigating labour conditions.
Trimlett — British trade-unionist, Treasurer of the Trade Unions’ Manhood Suffrage and Vote by Ballot Association; participant in the inaugural meeting of September 28, 1864, held in St. Martin’s Hall; member of the General Council of the International.
Tripp. —
Turff, Henry — British trade-unionist, one of the leaders of the London branch of the Operative Bricklayers’ Society; member of the General Council of the International (1865); member of the Board of Directors of the Industrial Newspaper Company.
Ure, Andrew (1778-1857) — English chemist, vulgar economist, author of several works on industrial economics.
Vaccansi, A. — Treasurer of the Association of Mutual Progress (Mazzini organisation of Italian workers in London); member of the International.
Valltier, A. — Frenchman, member of the General Council of the International (1865).
Van Hofen, P. — member of the International; Secretary of the London German Workers’ Educational Association in 1865.
Varlin, Louis Eugène (1839-1871) — prominent figure in the French working-class movement, bookbinder, Leftwing Proudhonist; one of the International’s leaders in France, delegate to the London Conference (1865), the Geneva (1866) and Basle (1869) congresses of the International; member of the Central Committee of the National Guard, member of the Paris Commune; shot by the Versaillists on May 28, 1871.
Vasbenter, Louis — French democrat, in 1850 one of the editors of Voix du Peuple, Peuple and other Proudhonist papers; an émigré in London, was close to Herzen’s family; on October 5, 1864 was elected a member of the General Council but did not take part in its work; subsequently emigrated to America.
Velati — member of the Council of the Association of Mutual Progress (Mazzini organisation of Italian workers in London); member of the International.
Verlière, Alfred — Blanquist, signed the second appeal of the youth of France in connection with the threat of war in 1866; in 1867 convicted by the French court for opposition to the Catholic Church.
Vésinier, Pierre (1826-1902) — French petty-bourgeois publicist, anti-Bonapartist, émigré; one of the organisers of the French branch in London, participant in the London Conference of the International in 1865; conducted a slanderous campaign against the General Council and was expelled from the International by decision of the Brussels Congress of 1868; member of the Paris Commune, after the defeat of the Commune published the newspaper Fédération in London; opposed Marx and the General Council.
Villeneuve, Henri — French student, Blanquist, signed the second appeal of the youth of France in connection with the threat of war in 1866; in 1866 was tried in the Blanquist secret society case, known as “L'affaire de la Renaissance.”
Vincard, Pierre Denis (1820-1882) — French worker publicist, participant in the Revolution of 1848, member of the Luxemburg Commission; active member of the French co-operative movement; wrote several works on the condition of the working class; member of the International.
Vogt, W. — member of the International, member of the Eintracht, a branch of the London German Workers’ Educational Association.
Waguenay (or Vaganey), Jean Louis (born c. 1833) — French weaver, treasurer of the International’s Vienne (France) section founded in 1866.
Waddington, H. — Home Office official.
Walton, Alfred (b. 1816) — active participant in the British democratic movement, socialist, architect; member of the Reform League, President of the National Reform League; member of the General Council of the International (1867-70), delegate to the Lausanne Congress; author of History of the Landed Tenures of Great Britain and Ireland.
Wartelen — French worker, painter on glass, signed the second appeal of the youth of France to the working men of all countries in connection with the threat of war in 1866.
Werecki, I. M. — Polish émigré in London, democrat, member of the General Council of the International (1865-67).
Weston, John — British worker, carpenter, subsequently manufacturer, Owenist, participant in the inaugural meeting of September 28, 1864, held in St. Martin’s Hall; member of the General Council of the International (1864-72), delegate to the London Conference of 1865; member of the British Federal Council; member of the Executive Committee of the Reform League; one of the leaders of the Land and Labour League.
Weydemeyer, Joseph (1818-1866) — leading figure in the German and American working-class movement; member of the Communist League; took part in the 1848-49 Revolution in Germany and in the American Civil War on the side of the North; laid the beginning of the propaganda of Marxism in the U.S.A.; after the foundation of the International propagated its programme among the workers of St. Louis; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.
Wheeler, George William — active in the British workingclass movement, participant in the inaugural meeting of September 28, 1864, held in St. Martin’s Hall; member of the General Council of the International (1864-67), Treasurer of the Council (1864-65, 1865-67), delegate to the London Conference of the International (1865); member of the Executive Committee of the Reform League.
Whitlock, J. — British tradeunionist, participant in the inaugural meeting of September 28, 1864, held in St. Martin’s Hall; member of the General Council of the International (1864-65); Financial Secretary of the General Council; member of the Reform League.
William I (1797-1888) — Prince of Prussia, Prince-Regent (1858-61), King of Prussia (1861-88), German Emperor (1871-88).
Williams, Hopkin — British worker, joiner, member of the General Council of the International (November 1864-68); took part in the Reform Movement in England.
Wolff — member of the General Council of the International (1864-65).
Wolff, Luigi (Louis) — Italian major, follower of Mazzini, member of the Association of Mutual Progress (Mazzini organisation of Italian workers in London); participant in the inaugural meeting of September 28, 1864, held in St. Martin’s Hall; member of the General Council of the International (1864-65); participant in the London Conference of 1865; in 1871 was exposed as an agent of the Bonapartist police.
Wood, Joshua. —
Worley, William — British worker, printer, member of the British League for the Independence of Poland and of the Universal League for the Welfare of the industrious Classes; participant in the inaugural meeting of September 28, 1864, held in St. Martin’s Hall; member of the General Council of the International (1864-67); member of the Reform League.
Yarrow, F. J. — British worker, cabinet-maker, trade-unionist, member of the General Council of the International (1866-68, 1872).
Zabicki, Anton (c. 1810-1871?) — one of the leaders of the Polish national-liberation movement, democrat; compositor; participant in the Polish insurrection of 1830-31 and the Hungarian Revolution of 1848-49; from 1851 on, an émigré in England, one of the leaders of the Democratic Association in London; from 1863 on, published Gtos Wolny; Secretary of the Polish National Committee; member Of the General Council of the International (1866-71), Corresponding Secretary for Poland (1866-71).