�ھ�� ӱ��

��˼��Ŀ� -> ��Ļ� -> ��ǡ��䡤�� -> ��1917��Ļ��ŦԼ��һλ��ǰҹ�ļ��ߡ��2016��

�ھ�� ӱ��

��ǵ��Ǵ��ʷ��ѧ��ʱ��ƽ��׵��ַ�ʱ��ǻᾪ�ֵ�̯��֡��^[1]

��з��ж�˹̩��Ͷ��ս��1913��

��Ļ��ڿ��ѧԺ��˵��֮��Ī��˹��ϣ��ĺӱ��оٰ��һ��ͻᡣ��Ļ��ִ��һ��ʱ·��άϣ��д�һ��ϣ��Ҳ�Ȱ��罻��ķ��졣��ͬ�ڷ��ؼӡ��衢ѩ�Ѻ��ҵ��ı��ߣ�ϣ��ó��Ƿ��Ѿƣ��ˡ�һС�ݽܳ��ֿ�ѡ�
��ϣ��ز�δ��Ļ��룬��ı��Ҳ��ߺ��ϣ��ŦԼ��õ��֮һ��о�ԺУ��ũ����ڿ��ѧԺ��Ļ�̨ͬ��Ļ��ܸ�ȫ��ڣ��һλ��־�ᶨ�ķ��ߡ��ϣ��صĲ��ϣ��У��һ��ܵؽ��ǽ��Ļ��ݽ��ü��Ļ��˵��Թ�һ�֣��ǹ��е�ڵ��ǣ��Ļ��ŦԼ��һλ��ߡ��ʿ�Ѿ��Ի��Ļ��Ҳ��ܿ쵽��
��Χ��ϣ��ز��Լ��12�ţ��ǰ��ᵳ�ˡ��Һ��λ�ҡ��˰��ũ��⣬��˻��Ѷ��ºͿ��·򸾡��Ѷ��һ��ܳ��ʦ��һλ֪��ŮȨ��ҡ��ҡ��·��˹��ײ��Louis Gruenberg��ͷ��ǳ�ϯ��¹��˺ն��ʩ��أ�Hermann Schluter��Ҳ��ˡ�70��ʩ��һ�ȳ�Ϊ��˼�͸��ϣ��˹��ֿ�ѣ��Ȼռ��š�ŦԼ��񱨡��ְλ��ܣ�·��άϣ��ڳе��˴󲿷ֹ��һλ��²��Chadburne��Ҳ��˲ͻᣬ��һ��Ĵ��ˣ��ոմӱ��ʱ�ͷ��
��ϣ��ػ��һλ��ˡ��һ��մ�ս��ǰ�߻��ŷ��ˡ��ά�˶ࡤ��˹�棨Victor Basch��԰��裬��һ��ѧ�Ľ��ڣ�Ҳ�Ƿ��ᵳ��Ա��˹��ڰ��ʱ��ǹ��ĵ��׸�˹�ɣ��У��׵¡��׸�˹��֧��ߡ��׸�˹��1894�걻��Ϊ�ѹ����Ҳ�Ƿ��Ȩ��˵��쵼�ˡ��ϣ��Ϊ��ս��绤��
��ϣ��ط�֪��ȡ��ǣ��ζ��ȣ��̸��ｻ��Ѻ�ף�ƴʣ��Լ��ů�ڻ��Щ�˺��˵��12�ֲ�ͬ��ԣ��⡣��Ī��˹��ϣ��صĲ��ϣ��Ƕ�˵Ӣ�
��һЩ��̫��ͬ��ϣ��ǲ��Ծ��ġ��塱��Americanism��ŭ��Ҳʱ��Ϊ��ı��ա��ϣ��ʱ�Ჵ�ء��̫��ۡ��Ϊ��桱��^[2]��̫��֮Ϊ��ϣ��ض��ԣ��ⲻ��ʶ��̬��ѡ��ŷ��˼��û��ر��Ŵ��̫��ˣ�Ҳû��κ��ѧ˵��
��ǻ��û��ô��θ�ơ��ϣ��Ŀ��˰�˹��׳��һ��⣺��õذ��ŷ�ޣ�
��ǰ��߸ߡ��뷢�԰��İ�˹��һ��ȡ��˵��ַ��Ѹ�ٻش�˵��ָ��ϣ��÷Ү��׶��ᵳ��Ա��Ѿ��ĳ��Э��ˣ��˵��ָϣ��ڰ׹�ͬ��ޡ��ѷ��ͳ�Ļ��ϣ��ش��ͳ��ս��
��İ�˹�沢��Ҫ��һ��Լ��ͼ��һ�ܣ��ޡ��ѷ�ո��һƪ�Ƿ�׿��˵��ŷ��ˣ��ս��ֹͣս��һ�أ��ѷҪ��ǡ�û��ʤ�ߵĺ�ƽ��Ϊ�˱��ֺ�ƽ��Ҫ��һ��ٳɺ�ƽ��ˡ��Ĺ��ˡ��Դ��ʾ��ס�Ӣ��Ѿ��⡣ս��Ѿ��࣬��ڷ��ЭԼ��Ӫ��ָ��ˡ��ѷ��ƽ��ǰ��˵��ǲ��ʤ��ı��ǣ��û��ʤ�ߵĺ�ƽ��ʹ�¹��˼��ռ��ʱ��һ��ַ��Լ��
��ӳ��֮�£�Χ��ڲ��ԵĿ��˽��߾۽��˰�˹��ϡ��Ŀ���˹��һ��һ��˵��ƭ��Զ��ѷ��ͳ�ĺ�ƽ����Ӯ��ⳡս��վ��һ�ߡ��κ��й��з��̸�۶��ѹ��ڣ�̸�ۺ�ƽ��ǰ��¹��ơ�^[3]��黹��ֹ�ڴˣ��¹�ֻ�Ǽ�װ��ƽ��ˡ��˹��˵��Ϊ�¹��˺��ս��Ӣ��Ѿ��ʼս��ˡ��ЭԼ��ʤ��Ϊ��Ǳ��ʤ��˵��ѧ��Ǳ�Ȼ�ġ�ЭԼ��ʿ��
��˹��֪��Ե��һȺ��ɵ��ڡ�ϣ��ؼ��Ǵ��һЩ��Ϊ��Ҫ��ս��ƽ��ߡ��ʵ�ϣ��Ǵ�ǰ��Ź��ܳ��˹��ʽ��۵��ũ����ڳ��ռ��д��ð�˹��̸��Ϊ��ᡱ��ռ��˰�˹��˵��λ�е��Ϊֹ��߰��˵�ս��ݣ��Լ��ս˫��Ե�һ��˲��ߡ��׵׵ĳ��
��˵��ɻ�֮�ʽӶ��˹�档��ʵ��˹��ֵ��⡣��ǰ��ʡ��1870��¹��ȡ��ڷ��Ϊ��ս�ĺ��⡣Ϊʲô��Ͷ�أ�Ϊ�β��Լ��¹��˻��Ƿ��ˣ��ʣ��˹�沢δ��˵��˹��ֱ��黹��ľ��ѡ��Ϊʲô��Ļ��ǻ�ͶƱ��¹��ˣ��˹��˵��
��ⷬ�ش��˼��ʵ�Ц��һ�ۺն��ʩ��أ��ת��ת��򡣵��˹�滹û�꣺��˹��ֲ��ڽ��ľ��񣬶��1870��Щ��˹�˵Ķ��ǡ��ఢ��˹��1870��շ�ս��֮��Ǩ����ش��á��𾪡��Ƿ��Ϊ֮��ս��Ŀ�ꣿ��ڴ��Ϊ�˷��50��Թ��Ѫ��
��п��ᵽ�˶��һ��ɵĹ��ң��ο��ΪӢ��ս��ˡ��Ҳ��Ψһһ��ר�ơ��̡���̡��Ĺ��ҡ��Ҳ�ǵ��ܳ��ӵ��Ȩ��ر��Ƕ�ŦԼ��150��̫��ԡ��֮�е��˶��ɳ��Ⱥ�֮�µ�ֱ��ܺ��ߡ��˹��С��𣬰��ũ��Ҳ��ռ��ϸ�ؼ��Ĵ𰸣��˹��ר��壨��֮�飬��д��ǣ��ս��ЭԼ��ȡʤ��֮ʱ��ͽ��һ��֪��
��ԣ��ֵֹġ�ͨ��ǵ¹��ЭԼ��ڼ�ƣ��ǶԶ��ս��ʤ��ս�ɳ��ƶȡ��ǲ��Ƿ��׼��˱��ǵĶ��ս��ѣ�
��˵��˹��ڴ��Ӯ�õ��ս��ô��ܵúܲҡ��û��˵��ἰ��ʧ�ܡ�Ī��˹��ϣ��Ϊ��˹��кͿڲ��л��Ȼ��Ƕ��˿��ȡ��һ��ϡ��ũ��ռ��м��˵��ð�˹�浱��ȫ��֡��ʧ��˹��˵��һ��һ��ս��֮�У��һλ��˹��֪ʶ��Ӷ��Ϊ��ɳ��崫Ⱦ��ܺ��ߡ�
��Ī��˹��ϣ��Ҳ��ð�˹��ڵ��۵��⣬Ҳ��˿��ı��ս�Ĺ۵㡣�ⳡս��һ��ѣ��Ľ��ֻ��ʹ��⡣�¹��û��Ϯ��Ҳ��Զ��ᡣ��˹��;�İ��ߣ��ǵ��Ѿ�Ϊս��Ť��ʧȥ��˼��ⷬ�۵㣬ϣ��Ա��м��Ҫ��ߣ�Ȼ��ŷ�޴��׼ȷ��Ϣ�ս�ϡ�١��Ϳ��¶��ֽ�ϵı��ȡ�š��ٰ�˹�滹��һ��ͬ�ʣ�ϣ��¶��
��ս��ϣ��ػ��ʲô��֪��Լ��ᵳ��뷴ս��Ǳ��ѡ�񡣴�ԭ��˵��޷�Ϊս��绤��˵��ᵳҲ��ǿ�ҷ��ս��Ҳ��漴�ݻ��ڹ�ȥ20��н��һ�й��ɹ��ϣ��֪��һ��·��Ŵ��ݡ�ս��Ъ˹��ﵽ��֮ʱ��ǾͿ�ʼѰ��ͽ��ͷһ��ָ�ء��ҳϡ��Ⱥ��ͬһ��ǡ�

^[1] March 14, 1913, from Trotsky, Balkan Wars, 439�C41.

^[2] Gorenstein, 208�C13.

^[3] Algernon Lee��s diary, January 29, 1917, Lee papers, Tamiment Library.

��һƪ��Ŀ¼��һƪ