��ȫ��ڶ�ʮ��ʮһ�� ϵ��ϵ

��ʮһ�� ϵ��ϵ

��ɼ��ÿ��׷�ӵ��Ͷ��¼ӽ��ļ�ֵ��Ӷ��Ʒ��ֵ��ܹ��ܲ�Ʒ��ֵ��ȡ��ͷ��Ĳ��֣��ֳ��֣��ǲ�ȡ��ֲ�ͬ��ʽ��Щ��ʽ��ֵ��һ��ڻ��Ͷ��ߣ��һ��ڻ��ʱ��ߣ��ڻ��Ȩ��ռ��ߡ��ˣ��Ƿ��Ĺ�ϵ��ʽ��Ϊ��Ǳ�ʾ��ܼ�ֵ�ڲ�ͬ��Ҫ�ص��м��з��Ĺ�ϵ��
��ͨ��Ŀ��Щ��ϵ��Ϊ��Ȼ�Ĺ�ϵ��Ǵ�һ��ʣ��ĸ��ֹ��ɲ��Ĺ�ϵ��Ȼ��ܷ��ϣ��ʱ��ǰ��ֹ��ķ��䷽ʽ��ǣ��ǰ��Щ��ʽ˵��Ȼ��ϵ��δ��չ�ġ�δ��ɵġ�αװ�˵ġ�û��ȡ����ֺ��ʽ�ġ��в�ͬɫ�ʵķ�ʽ��
��ּ��Ψһ��ȷ��һ��ǣ��κ��磬��Ȼ�γɵ�ӡ�ȹ��磬��³�˵Ľ϶��Ϊ��չ�Ĺ��壩�У��ܹ��ֳ��Ͷ��֣�һ��ֵĲ�Ʒֱ��߼��ڸ��˵��ѣ��һ��ּ�ʼ��ʣ��Ͷ��Ǹ��ֵĲ�Ʒ��һ��Ҫ��ʣ��Ʒ��䣬Ҳ��˭ִ��Ҫ�Ĵ��ְ�ܣ��Ʋ��ѵĲ��ֲ�˵��ͬ��䷽ʽ��ͬһ�Ծ͹�ᵽһ�㣺��ǰ��ǵ��Ժ��ʽ��ֻע��ǵ�ͬ��һ��ԣ��Ǿ��ͬһ�ġ�
��ѧʶ��ʶ��ǣ��Ȼ��Ϸ��ϵ��ʷ��չ��ע��Լ��˹ͼ��ء��ա��ξ��ѧ��ĳЩ�д��⡷1844��׶ذ档��ͬʱȴ��ӹ�ִ��Ϊ��ϵ��в��ġ��౾�Բ��ġ��һ��ʷ��չ�޹ص��ʡ�
��෴��ʱ��ʽ�Ŀ�ѧ��ȴ֤��ʱ��ʽ��һ��ġ��ж��ʷ�涨�Ե��ʽ��κ��һ��ʽһ��䷢չ��ʽ��һ��׶��Ϊ�Լ��ʷ��һ��й��̵��ʷ��Ͳ����µ��ʽ��Բ��ֳɻ��ͬ��ֶ��صġ��ʷ�涨��ʽ��Ӧ��ϵ��ǵ��С��ǵ��ĸ��ֹ�ϵ��ж��صġ��ʷ�ĺ��ʱ��ʣ��󣬷��ϵ��Ϻ��ϵ��ͬһ�ģ��ϵ�ķ��棬��Զ��߶��ͬ��ʷ��ʱ��ʡ�
��ڿ��ϵʱ��Ǵ��Ʒ��Ϊ��ʡ��͵��ν��ʵ��ǣ��ʵ˵��Ǵ��ġ��Ʒһ��Ϊ�ʱ��һ��Ϊ��롣��һ��룬��ʣ��Ҫ���ʱ��ʽͬ��Ȼ��ȡ��ʽ��˵��ʽ��Ͷ��Ͷ��Ʒ�ܵ�˵��Ϊ�ʱ�ֱͬ��ʵ��һ��ʼ��ζ�ţ��Ͷ��͹��һ��ʣ��У��ͬ�Ͷ��֮�䣬��ҹ��˱˴�֮�䣬�Ǵ��һ��Ĺ�ϵ�С��Щ�Ͷ��ת��Ϊ�ʱ��ʵ��ζ��ֱ��߱��أ��һ��Ȩ��ʽ��
��Ʒ��һ��ֲ�ת��Ϊ�ʱ��һ��־Ͳ��ȡ��ʡ��͵��ʽ��
��һ��棬��˵�ʱ��ʽ��һ��ʽΪǰ�ᣬ��ĩ��᲻�ϵذ��ʽ��ʵĲ�Ʒ��Ҳ��ϵ��Ʒ��ϵ��Ҳ��ϵ��Ӧ�ķ��ϵ��
��Ȼ��˵��ʱ��Ϊ�ʱ��Ķ��Ȩ��Ѿ��һ�ַ��Ϊǰ�᣺�Ͷ��߱��Ͷ��Щ��У��һЩ��˶�ռ��Ȩ��֮��ԭʼ��۵��һ��֣��1��24�£��Ѿ�˵��ȫ��ϵ��ǣ��ַ��ȫ��ͬ��ǰѷ��ϵ��ϵ��һ��ʷ��ʱ��ķ��ϵ��ַ��ϵ��ʾ�Բ�Ʒ�й��ѵĲ��ֵĸ��ȡȨ��෴��ǰ��˵�ķ��ϵ��ȴ��ϵ��Χ�ڣ��䵽ֱͬ��ġ��ϵ��һ��ϵ��Щ��ְ�ܵĻ��ַ��ϵ��ʡ��Ǿ��ȫ��ʺ�ȫ��˶��
��ʱ��ʽһ��ʼ��
����һ��Ĳ�Ʒ��Ʒ��ʹ��ʽ��ģ��Ʒ��ڣ��Ϊ��Ʒ��Ĳ�Ʒ��ռͳ�ε�λ�ġ��ʡ��ζ�ţ��Լ�Ҳֻ�Ǳ��Ϊ��Ʒ�ĳ��ߣ��Ϊ��ɵĹ�Ӷ��ˣ��Ͷ��ͱ��Ϊ��Ӷ�Ͷ��ϵ�˵��֤�ʱ��͹�Ӷ�Ͷ��Ĺ�ϵ��ʽ��ȫ��ʡ��ʽ��Ҫ��ˣ��ʱ��Һ͹�Ӷ��ˣ��ʱ��͹�Ӷ�Ͷ��ߣ��˸񻯣��̼��ڸ��ϵ�һ��ʣ��Щһ��ϵ�Ĳ��
��ʣ��1��Ʒ��Ϊ��Ʒ��2��Ʒ��Ϊ�ʱ��Ʒ��ʣ��Ѿ��һ��ͨ��ϵ��Ʒ��ͨ��ȡ��һ��ʵ�һ��̣�ͬ��Ҳ��֮��һ��Ĺ�ϵ��ֹ�ϵ��ǵĲ�Ʒ�ļ�ֵ��ֳ�Ͳ�Ʒ��ϻ��ϵ��ת��ǣ��ʹƲ��㲻˵��ʣ��Ʒ��Ϊ��Ʒ��ʣ��Ʒ��Ϊ�ʱ��Ʒ��ʣ��ͻ�ó�ȫ��ֵ��͵ó�ȫ��ɼ�ֵ��е��ڡ��ʮ�ֶ��صļ�ֵ��ʽ�ϣ�һ��棬�Ͷ�ֻ��Ϊ��Ͷ��ã��һ��棬��Ͷ��ķ��䣬��Ĳ�Ʒ�Ļ��ಹ�䣬��Ĳ�Ʒ��ʱ任��Ĵ��ͼ��ȴ��ʱ��߸��żȻ�ġ��ĳ嶯ȥ�ڲ��Ϊ��Щ�˲��Ϊ��Ʒ��߻��ÿ��˶��ͼ��Ը߼۳��Ʒ��ƺ�Ҳֻ��ڵģ��ԣ��ڹ��ֻ��ͨ��֮��ľ��ǻ��ʩ�ӵ�ѹ��ʵ�֣��ͨ��־��ѹ��ƫ��Ի����ֵ��ɲ��Ϊ��ڹ��ɣ��Ե��ΪäĿ��Ȼ��ã��ĸ��żȻ�䶯�У�ά��ƽ�⡣
��Σ��Ʒ�У��ر��Ϊ�ʱ��Ʒ��Ʒ�У��Ѿ��Ϊ��ʱ��ʽ��涨��ﻯ��ʻ��廯��
��ʱ��ʽ���ڶ����ǣ�ʣ��ֵ��ֱ��Ŀ�ĺ;��ʱ��ʱ��ģ��ֻ��ʣ��ֵ��ʱ��ڿ��ʣ��ֵʱ��ڿ��ʣ��ֵת��Ϊ��ʱ��Ѿ��һ��Ϊ�ʱ��ʱ��е��ʽ��Ͷ��չ��һ��ʽ��Ͷ��Ϊ�빤��ʱ��Ķ��ֱ��빤�˱��ķ�չ��Ϊ�˼�ֵ��ʣ��ֵ��е��Ϊ��ϸ��˵��Ѿ�ָ��һ�ֲ��Ϸ��õ��ƣ�Ҫ��Ʒ��Ͷ�ʱ�䣬Ҳ��ǰ��Ʒ�ļ�ֵ��ʱ��ƽ��ˮƽ��¡��󽫳ɱ��۸��޶ȵ�Ŭ��Ͷ��ĸܸˣ���Ͷ��ֻ�Ǳ��Ϊ�ʱ��Ĳ��ߡ�
��ʱ��Ϊ�ʱ��˸��ֱ��ȡ�õ�Ȩ��Ϊ��ָ��ߺ�ͳ��ߵ��ְ�ܣ�ͬ��ū��ũū��ȵȻ��ϵ�Ȩ��ش��
��ʱ��Ļ��ϣ��ֱ��ߴ��˵��ǵ��ʵ��ϸ��Ȩ��ʽ��Ͷ��̵��ȫ��ȼ��ŵ��ʽ��ֵģ��Ȩ��ִ��ߣ�ֻ��Ϊͬ�Ͷ��Ͷ��˸񻯣��ǰ�ĸ��ʽ��ε�ͳ��߻��Ȩ��ͳ��ߵ��ʸ�õ��Ȩ��ģ��ǣ��Ȩ��ִ��м䣬�ڲ��Ϊ��Ʒ��߻��ʱ��Լ��м䣬ռͳ�ε�λ��ȴ�Ǽ��״̬��״̬�У��ϵֻ�Ǳ��Ϊһ�ֲ��˸��־��ѹ��һ�е��Ȼ��ɡ�
��ֻ��Ͷ��ȡ��Ӷ�Ͷ��ʽ��ϲ�ȡ�ʱ��ʽ��ǰ�ᣬ��Ҳ��˵��ֻ��Ҫ�ز�ȡ��ֶ��ص��ʽ��ֵ��Ʒ��һ��ֲű��Ϊʣ��ֵ��ʣ��ֵ�ű��Ϊ��󣨵��⣩��Ϊ�ʱ��ҵ�Ӯ��Ϊ�ɹ�֧��ġ��е�׷�ӵĲƸ��Ҳֻ��һ��ּ�ֵ��Ϊ����γ�һ��׷��ϣ��ű��Ϊ�µ�׷��ʱ��̵��󣬲ű��Ϊ�ʱ��Ļ��۹��̡�
��Ͷ��Ϊ��Ӷ�Ͷ��ʽ��̵��ò��ⷽʽ�о��ã��Ӷ�Ͷ�ȴ��ֵ��ڼ�ֵ�ľ��漰�ģ�ֻ��һ��Ͷ�ʱ�䣬ֻ��һ��֧��Ͷ��ͬ�Ĳ�Ʒ��Ͷ��յ��һ��̶��Ͼ��Ǹ��ռ�ı��ء��Ȼ��Ͷ�ʱ��Ʒ��ֵ��Ϊ��Ҫ��õ�һ��ʽ��ͬ�Ͷ��Ϊ��Ӷ�Ͷ��ʽ��Լ��Ӧ��Ϊ�ʱ��ʽ�йصģ��Ϊֻ��ϣ��Ʒ��ų�Ϊ��һ��ʽ��
��һ��ν�ķ��ϵ��Թ�Ӷ�Ͷ�Ϊǰ�ᣬ��ʱ�Ϊǰ�ᡣ��ˣ��Щһ��ķ��ʽ��һ��ʺ��֮��һ��ϵΪǰ��ġ��ˣ�һ��ķ��ϵֻ��ʷ�涨��ϵ�ı��֡�
��̸��ʣ��ֵ��һ��ʽ��ʱ��ʽ��γ��ϵ�ǰ�᣻��һ��֧��Ĺ�ϵ��Ȼ��ʱ��Ҹ��˿��ܹ��ȫ��ѵ��ⷽ��ƣ��Щ��Ա��ջ��׼��ʽ��Ծ��ɵ��ʽ��ǰ��ʵ��֤��󲢲�ֻ�Ǹ��Ʒ�ķ��䷶�롣��Σ��ʱ��̣��ɲ�Ʒ�ļ۸��ڵģ��õ��۸��ʵ�ƽ��֮��Ӧ��ʱ��ڲ�ͬ��֮��ķ��ڵġ��ˣ����Ǳ��Ϊ��Ʒ��Ҫ��أ��Ǳ��Ϊ��Ʒ��Ҫ��أ��ʱ��Ͷ��ڲ�ͬ��֮��ء��ָ�Ϊ��ҵ��Ϣ��Ϊͬһ��ķ��䡣��ַָ��Իᷢ��ʱ��Ϊ��ֳ��ʣ��ֵ�ļ�ֵ�ķ�չ��ռͳ�ε�λ��̵��һ��ʽ�ķ�չ��չ��ú��ƶȣ��Ҳ��չ��ʽ��Ϣ�ȵ��Щ��ν��ʽ��Ϊ��Ҫ�ؼ��۸�ġ�
��ڵ��⣬��ܹ��Ϊֻ�Ƿ��ʽ��Ϊ��Ȩ��̱��в�ִ��ְ�ܣ��ٲ�ִ��ְ�ܡ��1��ֻ��ڳ��ƽ��2��ߴ��̺��̵�ָ��ߺ�ͳ��߽�Ϊ��س��ˣ��طŸ��ˣ��ˣ��Щ��ʵȴ��ʱ��ʽ�Ķ��ص��ʷ����ȡ��Ȩ��ʽ��ʱ��ʽ��ʷǰ�ᡣ��Ȩȡ��ʵ��ʱ��ũҵ��Ӫ��ʽ��ʽ��ʽ��ʵĲ����Ǿ��԰��ʽ��ߵ��Ҳ��Ϊ��⡣��ֵ��ʽ�г��ֵĵ��ش��
��ɼ��ν�ķ��ϵ��ͬ��̵��ʷ�涨��ʽ��Լ��л��Ĺ�ϵ��Ӧ�ģ��Щ��ʽ�͹�ϵ��ġ��Щ��ϵ��ʷ��ʾ��ϵ��ʷ��ʣ��ϵ��ʾ��ϵ��һ��档�ʱ��ķ��䲻ͬ�ڸ��ʽ��ķ��ʽ��ÿһ�ַ��ʽ��ͬ��Բ��֮��Ӧ��һ��ʽһ��ʧ��
��ֻ�ѷ��ϵ��ʷ�ԵĶ��ϵ��ʷ�ԵĶ��ļ��⣬һ��棬ֻ�Ƕ��ʲ��׼��ѧ��ʼ��еġ��о��Ե��С��һ��棬��ּ��⽨��һ�ֻ�ͬ��棬��ǣ��̣�ͬ��Ĺ��û��κ��Ҳ��еļ��Ͷ��ͬ��Ͷ��ֻ��˺��Ȼ֮��ĵ��˵��Ͷ��̵ļ�Ҫ�ض��̵�һ��ᷢչ��ʽ��˵��ǹ�ͬ�ġ��Ͷ��̵�ÿ��һ��ʷ��ʽ��һ��չ��̵��ʻ��ʽ��һ��ʷ��ʽ�ﵽһ��ĳ��׶ξͻᱻ��λ��ϸ߼��ʽ��һ��ϵ��֮��Ӧ��ϵ��һ��ʷ��ʽ��һ��Ҫ�صķ�չ��֮��ì�ܺͶ��ͼ��ʱ��ͱ��Σ��ʱ��Ѿ��ʱ��ʷ�չ��ʽ֮��ͷ��ͻ��ע��۾��Э��1832��棿��[242]��

��ע�ͣ�

��[242]��˼��Ȼָ��ǡ�һƪ�ȽϾ��ͺ��׵ĵý��ġ�1834��׶ذ棨��A��Prize��Essay��on��the��Comparative��Merits��of��Competi-tion��and��cooperation��London��1834��999ҳ��