��

��˼��Ŀ� -> ��ϣ��ķ -> ��ڵ��1993��

��

��һ��˵��򡱡�֪��ʶ��Ϊ��ͬ��ʡ�Ȼ��򡱵Ĵʸ��в��졣��򡱣��Ϊ��gewahr��Ĵʸ��Ӣ��͵��е��˼�ǡ��С����Aufmerksamkeit��ͨ��Ϊ��ʼ��ʲô��Ǽ򵥵��ʶ��֪ʶ��Ƿ��һЩ��̫Ϊ��֪�Ķ��֮��Ķ��仰˵��ָע��߶ȼ��е�֪��֪״̬��

��˼��һ�¡��򡱵Ĳ�ͬ��塣��ָһ��˵��״̬��һ��˵ĸо��

��塰��򡱵�һ��Ӿ��ʶ��Լ��ĺ��Ȼ��֪��ں��һ��֪ʶ��Դӹ۲�һ��һ��򸹲��˶��õ�֤��֪ʶ��ȫ��ͬ�ڡ��򡱺��Ϊ��κ��˶��ͨ��һ��򵥵�ʵ��еĲ��£�ȫ��ɣ��ּȲ��ɢҲ��ֱ��ƣ��۾��ʲô��룬ֻ�о��Լ��ĺ��˵��ѣ��Ϊ�ܶ��룬��ڿ�ʼ��ʱ��˸о��Լ��ĺ��ӣ��Ϳ�ʼ��ˡ��ܳɹ��ؽ�ע��Լ��ĺ��ܡ��Լ��ĺ��̡��ǿ�Ȼ��߿��κ�Ŀ�ֻ꣬�ǹ�ע�Լ��ĺ��ǻᷢ�֣��ֺ��򡱸��ź��ȫ��ͬ��ʵ�ϣ��໥�ų⡣һ��ҿ�ʼ��ҵĺ��Ҿ��޷�ͬʱ��

��һ��Ҳ�ܼ�^[13]��κ��˶��Գ��ԣ��ģ�ͬ��Է��ɵ��£��ۡ��ַ��Լ��Ĵ��ϣ��ǰ��ϵ��ˣ��һֻ�ֱ۾��ʮ��Ƚǡ��ô��ʱ��ͨ��ۣ��ϵͳ�ᷢ��źţ��Ӧ�ļ��Ӧ��Ǿ��ֱۡ��˲ʱ��ֱۣ��̾Ϳ��Կ��ˣ��ֿ��ֱ۷��£��ָ�ԭ��ơ��Ǹо��ֱ۵��˶��𣿵�Ȼû�У��ֱ��һ��ߣ��ǰ��°�ť��˹��ֱۼ��û��ʲô��ǹ�ע��ǽ��ǹ��̡��ͨ��ͬ��Ҫרע��˶��̱��ѧ��ǽ��ƶ��ֱۣ��ÿ��Ըо��ֱ��ƶ��ġ��̧��̧��У��ص��Ԥ��߶ȣ��ٻ��£�ֱ��ȫ��ֹ��С��ϰ��ʶ��Լ��ֱ��˶��Ĺ��̣��Թۡ��˶��רע��˼��ϰ֮ǰ��֮��ܻ�˼��ƶ��ֱ۵Ĺ��򲻻ᡣ

��ͬ��ԭ��Ҳ��ڡ��˶��Լ��ϵ��й�̫��ȭ��ֵ��Ƽ��Ϊ��Ѹйپ��ע��е�ڤ��״̬��һ��^[14]��

��ڸо��Ҳ��ͬ��Ĳ��졣��ʶ��Լ��о��ϲ�á��ˡ��־��ޣ��ζ��ҵ�ȷ�о��ˣ��û��ѹ�֣��ζ��˼��Լ��ĸо��Ҳ��˵��ע�⵽��I am conscious��Լ��о��ʲô��conscious��ʸ��con��Ϊ��with��͡�scire��Ϊ��to know��ɣ��˼��֪ʶ��ѡ��а��Ż��൱�ڵ��ʡ�Bewusstsein��߱��ֱ��ʮ��ͣ��bewusst Sein��ѧ����

��ĿǰΪֹ��Ѿ��ˡ��򡱵��صĶ��һ�֡��ʶ��֮���ʶ��Ǳ��ʶ��ѹ�ֵģ��һ��˵��Ҫ��Ŭ��ǰ��ֹ��ֳ�Ϊ��ʾʽ��򡱻򡰷��ʽ��򡱡�

��ҵ��ᷢչ��½׶Σ��˼�͸��˾��ԶӰ��ۡ��˼��ʾ��ʷ��ƶ��Լ��ʷ�ݽ��еĳ�ͻ��¶��˵��ĳ�ͻ��˾��Ľ�ţ��˼��۱ȸ��µĸ�ȫ�棬��ô��ʱ��ơ��۾��ܿ�ʧȥ��Ҫ��е��ɵ�˼�룬��ǳ��Ҳ��Ϊż��

��º��˼��Է��һ�ֹ��ͬ��ı����ж��ǻ��¹ؼ��ǡ�

��򡱲��ָ��ʾ��ĳ�ͻ��Ҳָ��ʾ��б��ڱεĳ�ͻ��ڸ��һ��֣�Ҳ�Ͳ��ṹ֮�⣬�й��ʵ�Ĵ��Ӱ��˼��Ҳ��谭��й��Լ��Ĵ��ν��Ҳ��ζ��п��ĵط��˼ά�ǵ��ģ��Լ��Կ��ģ��ⲿ��ȴ��äĿ��ͺ��ֻ��һ��򣬶��з��ǿ��͸��桢��ʾ��

��ɴ��⣺��Ƿ��ܹ��ɣ��ܣ��Ҫ��ô��ҡ��򡱷��в��

��ʣ��һ��Ļش��ǿ϶��ġ��ʷ��кܶ��˵��ܹ��Ѵ��ļ��Ӷ�͸��屾�ʡ��ָ�Ĳ��ǡ�ΰ�ˡ��ָ��ͨ�ˣ��Ȼ�䶶��ɱ�˫�۵Ĵ��ʼ�۲��硣��һ�㣬��ľ��½ڻ��ϸ̸�ۡ�

��ǿ��ش𡰾��Ϊ��ܸ��ɣ�һ��ܷ��㣬ȡ��ʶ��ʵ��׼ȷ�ȡ��ʵ��ʶԽ��׼ȷ��Խ��е�ɥʧ��Խû�а�ȫ�У��ҪѰ��ż��ͨ��ż��ҵ��ȫ�С��෴��ʶԽ׼ȷ��Խ��Խ��˾��̩��ͨ��Ӵ��ĸ�׻��ĵ��Ψ�а��ٵ��У��ܰ��ɱ��

��ڶ��ѻش��в��Ϊ��ܹ��Ǳ�ڳ�ͻ��Ҳ��ԵĶԲߣ��Ӷ��ø��߸��ô��õġ��˼��Ϊ��˽׼��ʶ��ܰ��ѻ��룬�Ϳ��ܻὨ��һ��Ҫ�κλ��άϵ��ᣨ��ܹ��ģ��Ϊ��ʷ��Ѿ��죩��Ŷ�Ϥ��ʶ��Ǳ��ʶ֮��Ǳ�س�ͻ��񾭼��

��ǣ��ͻ��ܵõ��أ��֪��ʹ�࣬��ڸı��ʵ��ڴ��ǲ��Ǹ��أ��˼�͸��˵��ڽ̽��ֻ��һ�ֻ��룬��ô��Ƿ��ģ��ֻ��룬ȴ��о��Ը��Ի��ȡ��ĸ��Ҹ��ǽ��ᷢ��ʲô�أ��ߣ��һ��Ű��ʶ��ʹ��ĸ�Դ��һЩ��ܵ��ɣ��Ҳ֪��Լ��޷��ı䣬��ô�ǲ��ǲ��粻֪��࣬��Լ��

��˭��ڻش��Щ��أ�էһ��κ��˶�û��Ҫ�ܿ࣬��Ǹ��ɣ�֧�ֲ��ذ��˴��ִ��н�ų��Ĺ۵㡣Ȼ��Բ��һЩ��ǡ��Ƿ�Ӧ�ø��߲��˾�֢��Ǻ��ѵ�Ӧ�ð��һ��Ļ��᣿�ѵ��ø��࣬��û�е��˷��־壬��һֱ��۵��⣬��ҿ��ĵĹ۲��߽��ܾ��ѡ��ĳ�ֽ��ǻ��Ϊ��ѡ��ȡ��ڲ��˵ĸ��ԣ�ֻ��ȳ��Ժ��ò��ʵ�ʺ�Ǳ�ڵ��˽��ġ��Ը��Ժ��ܼ��жϡ��˵��κν��ʽ�Ļ�ǿ��Ȼ��Ϊ�Ǳ�Ȼ�Ƕ��桱��δ�ⲻ̫�˵��

��˵��ͻ�ͻ��룬һ��Ƶ��ƺ��е��ȣ��Ȿ��д��һ��֣��һ��⣻��Щ�޷��ܻ��Ҳ�޻��ԲߵĴ��Լ��ײ��˵��ǲ��⣬��ʽ˼��ʹ��˵��Ҳ��Ч�á��Ӻܶ࣬��ϸ�о١��ǱϾ��Ը��Ž��ˡ��Ǳ��ֻ��һ��ø��

��Ϊ�˻ش��⣬��Ǳ��ס�˽��һ�ֽ�ŵ��ã��ͷ��ȥ��˼ά��˵Ľ��һ��˸��Ӷ��Ӿ��һ��Ҳ��ʶ��ʵû��ʲô��Ըı䣬��Ŭ��һ��Ϊ��ȥ��ر�ʹ��׷��߼�ֵ��ô��ȷ��ȡ��ǣ��һ�Ƕȿ��Ϊ��κ�ʱ��ÿ��˶��г�Ϊһ��ȫ�˵�Ǳ��һ��ֻ��һ�Σ��ֹһ�У��ô��Ѵ��ͼ�Ϊ�ؼ��ǹ�ϵ��Ƿ��ܹ��ʵ��ҡ��⣬��˽�Խ�࣬Խ�п��ܾ��ı䡪��Լ��棬��ͨ��һζ�ȴ��ȵ�˼ά��־��ή��ˣ��ʧ�ı�Ļ��ᡣ

��˿��Եó��ۣ��ʵ��ң��ؼ��һ��Լ��ʽ��ʽ˼ά��޹��ߵ͡��̶Ȼ��С��Ʒ��⣬��ȷ�е�˵��Ը�·��Ȩ��ż�񣬸��ܹ�ȡ�ú��̶ֳȵĶ��

��ʵ�ָ��Ķ��ֻ�ܼ�Ҫ��һ��һ��ʶ��ӣ��ָ��ĵĲ��ӣ��һ��ơ��ʽ�Ĳ��ӣ��Ҫ�ԣ��Է��ӵ�ϸС��ǳ��У��ῴ��з��ε��ɣ��ȥʵ��ᷢ�֣�һ��ʶ��⼰��Ҫ��壬�Լ��ͻ�ȥ��Իش�Ѱ�󷽷��Ľ��ͬ�ģ�ֻ�е�һ��˸е��֮��У��غ��ʱ��Ѱ��Ĵ𰸡��һ�ж��޹ؽ�Ҫ��һ��˵��Լ��ڵ�ˮƽ�Ļ�Ծ״̬��۲��Ҳ�ò��չ��

��ȫ��ɵ�̬��Ҳ��ġ��Ȼ��Ĵ󲿷��ϢҪô��٣�Ҫô��ʵ��Ť��Ȼ��ڱ�ֽ�϶��ʵ��⣬��ô��ǳֻ��̬�ȣ��ȼ��ǻ��Ի��ʵ��̫��ᡢ̫��ף��ҿ��Щ��䣬��ܽ��⣬��ǿ��һ��ʼ��˵��滰��֤��Ǽٻ��档

��֮��ҹ�ע��ǻ��٣��ǿ��˭��ƭ�ӣ��ҵĽ��ܾ�û��ô��˳��Լ��˵�ѣ��ƾͼ��ˣ��Խ��ܣ��ʵȴ�ǣ��Щ˵�ٻ��ٻ��Լ�˵��滰��˵��ʱ˵��Լ��һ�㡣

��Ҿ��ϰ��裬�ҽ��ҷ��½��ۡ��۹��ѧϰ��ڵ��һЩ��

^[13] ��ء��ά��ġ��йپ��ϰ��ڲ��˹��³��˹��йپ��򣺾��·��֡�һ�飨ŦԼά��磬1974��

^[14] ��ڶ�ʮ��ʮ��ء��ά��ѧϰ�ˡ��йپ��ϰ��ڹ�ȥʮ��䣬�ָ��濨�ѡ��ѧϰ�ˡ��˶��Լ�̫��ȭ��ش˸�л��

��һƪ��Ŀ¼��һƪ