Vladimir Lenin's

V. I. Lenin

Demonstrations Have Begun

Published: Iskra No. 13,-] {+class="information"> Written:
First Published:+} December 20, 1901 [-
-] {+in Iskra, No. 13
+} Source: [-Collected Works, Volume 5
-] {+Lenin’s Collected Works, Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, 1961, Volume 5, pages 322-325.
Transcription\HTML Markup: David Walters & Robert Cymbala
Copyleft: V. I. Lenin Internet Archive (www.marxists.org) 2003. Permission is granted to copy and/or distribute this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License+}

-] {+/>

+} A fortnight ago we observed the twenty-fifth anniversary of the first social-revolutionary demonstration in Russia, which took place on December 6, 1876, on Kazan Square in St. Petersburg,[1]-] {+id="E001bk" class="endnote" name="E001bk" href="#E001fw">[Ed.1]+} and we pointed to the enormous upswing in the number and magnitude of the demonstrations at the beginning of the current year. We urged that the demonstrators should advance a political slogan more clearly defined than [-"Land-] {+“Land+} and [-Freedom"-] {+Freedom"[Ed.2]+} (1876), and a more far-reaching demand than [-"Repeal-] {+“Repeal+} the Provisional [-Regulations" (1901).[2]-] {+Regulations” (1901).+} Such a slogan must be: political freedom; and the demand to be put forward by the entire people has to be the demand for the convocation of the people's [-representatives.

-] {+representatives.

+} We see now that demonstrations are being revived on the most varied grounds in Nizhni-Novgorod, in Moscow, and in Kharkov. Public unrest is growing everywhere, and more and more imperative becomes the necessity to unify it into one single current directed against the [-autocracy, which-] {+autocracy, which+} everywhere sows tyranny, oppression, and violence. On November 7, a small but successful demonstration was held in Nizhni-Novgorod, which arose out of a farewell gathering in honour of Maxim Gorky. An author of European fame, whose only weapon was free speech (as a speaker at the Nizhni-Novgorod demonstration aptly put it), was being banished by the autocratic government from his home town without trial or investigation. The [-bashibazouks-] {+bashi bazouks+} accuse him of exercising a harmful influence on us, said the speaker in the name of all Russians in whom but a spark of striving towards light and liberty is alive, but we declare that his influence has been a good one. The myrmidons {++} of the tsar perpetrate their outrages in secret, and we will expose their outrages publicly and openly. In Russia, workers are assaulted for demanding their right to a better life; students are assaulted for protesting against tyranny. Every honest and [-hold-] {+bold+} utterance is suppressed! The demonstration, in which workers took part, was concluded by a student reciting: [-"Tyranny-] {+“Tyranny+} shall fall, and the people shall [-rise--mighty,-] {+rise—mighty,+} free, and [-strong!"

-] {+strong!"

+} In Moscow, hundreds of students waited at the station to greet Gorky. Meanwhile, the police, scared out of their wits, [-arrested-] {+arrested+} him on the train [-en route-] {+en route+} and (despite the special permission previously granted him) prohibited his entering Moscow, forcing him to change directly from the Nizhni-Novgorod to the Kursk line. The demonstration against Gorky's banishment failed; but on the eighteenth of November, without any preparation, a small demonstration of students and [-"strangers"-] {+“strangers”+} (as our Ministers put it) took place in front of the Governor General's house against the prohibition of a social evening arranged for the previous day to commemorate the fortieth anniversary of the death of N. A. [-Dobrolyubov.-] {+Dobrolyubov.[Ed.3]+} The representative of the autocracy in Moscow was howled down by people who, in unison with all educated and thinking people in Russia, held dear the memory of a writer who had passionately hated tyranny and passionately looked forward to a people's uprising against the [-"Turks-] {+“Turks+} at [-home",-] {+home”,+} i.e., against the autocratic government. The Executive Committee of the Moscow Students' Organisations rightly pointed out in its bulletin of November 23 that the unprepared demonstration served as a striking indication of the prevailing discontent and [-protest.

-] {+protest.

+} In Kharkov, a demonstration called in connection with student affairs developed into a regular street battle, in which the students were not the only participants. Last year's experience taught the students a lesson. They realised that only the support of the people, especially of the workers, could guarantee them success, and that in order to obtain that support, they must not restrict [-themselves-] {+them selves+} to struggling merely for academic (student) freedom, but [-for the-] {+for the+} freedom of the entire people, for [-political freedom.

-] {+political freedom.+} The Kharkov Joint Council of Students' Organisations {++} definitely expressed this idea in its October manifesto and, judging from their leaflets and manifestos, the students of St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kiev, [-Risa,-] {+Riga,+} and Odessa are beginning to understand the [-"senselessness-] {+“senselessness+} of the [-dream"-] {+dream”+} of academic freedom amidst the gloom of enslavement enshrouding the people. The infamous speech delivered by General Vannovsky in Moscow, in which he denied the [-"rumours"-] {+“rumours”+} that he had at one time promised something, the unparalleled insolence of the St. Petersburg detective (who seized a student in the Institute of Electrical Engineering in order to take from him a letter he had received by messenger), the savage assault upon Yaroslavl students by the police in the streets and in the [-police--station--these-] {+police-station—these+} and a thousand other facts sound their cry for struggle, struggle, struggle against the whole of the autocratic system. Patience became exhausted in the case of the Kharkov veterinaries. The first-year students submitted a petition for the dismissal of Professor Lagermark, on account of his bureaucratic attitude towards their studies and his intolerable rudeness in which he went so far as to fling copies of the syllabus in the faces of the students! Without investigating the case, the government responded by expelling the entire first-year student body from the Institute, and in addition slandered the students by declaring in its report that they demanded the right to appoint the professors. This roused the entire Kharkov student body to action, and it was resolved to organise a strike and a demonstration. Between November 28 and December 2, Kharkov was for the second time in the same year transformed into a field of battle between the [-"Turks-] {+“Turks+} at [-home"-] {+home”+} and the people, which protested against autocratic tyranny. On the one side, shouts of, [-"Down-] {+“Down+} with the autocracy!", [-"Long-] {+“Long+} live [-liberty!"--on-] {+liberty!"— on+} the other, sabres, knouts, and horses trampling upon the people. The police and Cossacks, mercilessly assaulting all and sundry, irrespective of [-a ge-] {+age+} and sex, gained a victory over an unarmed crowd and are now [-triumphant. ...

-] {+triumphant....